A 215-member mono- and diamino acid peptidic-aminosugar (PA) library, with neomycin as the model aminosugar, was systematically and rapidly synthesized via solid phase synthesis. Antibacterial activities of the PA library, on 13 bacterial strains (seven Gram-positive and six Gram-negative bacterial strains), and binding affinities of the PA library for a 27-base model of the bacterial 16S ribosomal A-site RNA were evaluated using high-throughput screening. The results of the two assays were correlated using Ribosomal Binding-Bacterial Inhibition Plot (RB-BIP) analysis to provide structure–activity relationship (SAR) information. From this work, we have identified PAs that can discriminate the E. coli A-site from the human A-site by up to a 28-fold difference in binding affinity. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme activity studies indicate that APH(2″)-Ia showed nearly complete removal of activity with a number of PAs. The synthesis of the compound library and screening can both be performed rapidly, allowing for an iterative process of aminoglycoside synthesis and screening of PA libraries for optimal binding and antibacterial activity for lead identification.
The loading characteristics of recombinant Staphyloccocus aureus protein A (rSPA) on polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers were investigated through breakthrough curves and frontal analysis. The dynamic adsorption data was fit to various isotherm models to assess the possible mode of rSPA-PP fiber adsorption. Among them, the Langmuir-linear model fit the experimental data best, suggesting a two-stage mechanism of adsorption. The first stage involves the formation of a monolayer coverage, which follows the Langmuir isotherm. When the adsorbate concentration increases, solute starts to adsorb onto the already adsorbed layer, following a linear adsorption response. The relationship between the rSPA loading and flow rate and column length was also investigated. These two parameters are related through the residence time of rSPA in the column. It was determined that loading at the flow rate of 0.5 mL min(-1) (∼28 mm s(-1)) with a 1×10(-5) M (0.5 mg mL(-1)) rSPA feed concentration on a 30-cm (0.762 mm i.d.) column could conveniently produce a reasonable binding capacity of rSPA on PP surface within only 6 min. Under those conditions, the rSPA binding at 50% breakthrough was found to be ∼2.1 mg g(-1) fiber. Operation of the rSPA-modified columns across ten complete processing cycles using clean-in-place conditions (including urea, guanidine HCl, and NaOH) commonly used in the bioprocessing industry allows assessment of the robustness of the rSPA capture layers. In all cases, the robustness was quite good, with the relative responses providing insights to the rSPA/PP surface structure.
Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers have been used in this laboratory as stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction of proteins. Greater selectivity has been realized through the functionalization of the PP fibers through the physical adsorption of commercially available head group-modified poly(ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-lipids), where the head group is chosen to affect affinity separations. We refer to this general surface modification methodology as lipid tethered ligands (LTLs). In this study, LTLs were synthesized by solid phase synthesis. In comparison to the commercial PEG-lipids, the synthesized LTLs contain no chemically labile phosphate groups. Instead of an ester linkage in the commercial lipids, amide functionality was used in the synthesized LTLs to attach the lipids and ligands. By use of fluorescence imaging of FITC-labeled LTLs, the synthesized LTL was shown to be superior to the commercial LTL in terms of the adsorption efficiency to PP C-CP fibers, the resistance to solvent wash from the PP C-CP fibers, and their chemical stability under acidic, neutral and basic conditions. The PP C-CP fibers functionalized with a synthesized LTL that was biotinylated at the head group are shown to be capable of capturing streptavidin from E. coli cell lysate more efficiently than the PP C-CP fibers functionalized with the commercial biotinylated PEG-lipid. The functionalization of PP C-CP fibers with the synthesized LTLs is a simple, but highly efficient, method to generate novel stationary phases with a variety of functionalities for solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
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