Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) is one of the most important commercial tree species distributed naturally in the Boreal and subalpine forest zone of Europe. All parts of spruce trees, including needles, accumulate essential oils with a variety of chemical properties and ecological functions, such as modulating plant–insect communication. Annual needle samples from 15 trees (five from each of three habitats) of 15–17 years old were assayed for essential oils and their major compounds, including α-pinene, β-pinene, (1S)-(−)-α-pinene, and (1R)-(+)-α-pinene across a growing season. Results showed strong positive correlation between percentages of α- and β-pinene isomers (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) and between pinene isomers and essential oils: α-pinene correlated with essential oil stronger (r = 0.62, p < 0.05) than β-pinene (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). Correlation analyses performed with some weather conditions, including average monthly temperature, growing sum of effective temperatures over 5 °C, duration of sunshine, accumulated precipitation, relative humidity, and pressure, showed that temperature is the most important weather condition related to pinene dynamics: negative correlations of moderate strength were established between percentages of α- and β- pinenes and average monthly temperatures (r = −0.36, p < 0.01, n = 75 and r = −0.33, p < 0.01, n = 75, respectively). Out of pinene enantiomers, only (1S)-(−)-α-pinene showed some negative correlation with monthly temperature (r = −0.26, p < 0.05, n = 75). Different patterns of essential oil and pinene dynamics during growing season within separate habitats suggested that some genetic variables of Picea abies might be involved.
Background: Wet, intermittently flooded freshwater coastal and shallow water habitats are notable for their high biodiversity. Many of the usually semiaquatic annuals or small perennials common in such habitats are in decline due to the high sensitivity of such habitats to changes caused by anthropogenic and natural factors. The Euro-Siberian semiaquatic Elatine hydropiper rarely occurs in Lithuania and is protected there and in other Baltic and Central European countries. In 2020, we found a large population of Elatine hydropiper in southern Lithuania (Varėna district) in Lake Pabezninkai and its exposed shores. The water level of the lake has receded by about 1.5-1.6 m since 2018, exposing wide, wet, and sandy or silty shores. The aim of this study was to determine the status of the Elatine hydropiper population and to assess its potential for long-term survival. The objectives of the study were to (a) determine the size and quantitative characteristics of the population, (b) assess the seed bank in the shallows and exposed shores of the lake, (c) assess the species diversity in the communities with Elatine hydropiper, (d) evaluate the conservation value of the studied species and the lake habitat. Methods: The studies were carried out between 2020 and 2021. The number and coverage of plant patches as well as seed bank studies were carried out at three sites with different shoreline substrate. At each site, the number of patches and coverage was assessed in 50 sample plots of 100 cm 2 . The seed bank was examined in the top 5 cm of the substrate. A total of 90 substrate samples were analyzed. Results: We found that Elatine hydropiper grows on ca. 0.38 ha in the lake and on ca. 0.95 ha on the shores. On the exposed shores, the mean number of Elatine hydropiper patches per 1 m 2 was 2155 ± 1241.5 and their mean cover was 23.17% of the surface. Seed bank analyses revealed that the seeds and seed shells were significantly more abundant in the bottom sediments than in the shore sand or silt. The mean number of seeds per liter of soil was 85.8 ± 210.2, and the mean number of seed shells was 217.0 ± 265.8. Conclusions: The assessment of the status of the species in Lithuania according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria has led us to conclude that it should now be classified as vulnerable [A3; B1ab(iii); C2a(ii); D2]. The key to protecting Elatine hydropiper and other co-occurring rare species with similar ecological and biological characteristics, as well as the plant communities of shallows and exposed wet banks, is to protect their habitats. The survival of the species and their habitats could be assured by recurring significant water level fluctuations in the lake, resulting in periodic emergence of patches of wet sand or silt free from perennial vegetation.
The European Habitats Directive was adopted to halt the rapid loss of biodiversity and has become an important instrument for protecting biodiversity in the European Union. Three aquatic plant species protected under the European Habitats Directive have so far been found in Lithuania: Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Caldesia parnassifolia, and Najas flexilis. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the former and current distribution and the status of conservation of the target species. Screening for the above-mentioned protected aquatic plant species was performed in 73 natural lakes throughout Lithuania in 2019–2021. We confirmed extant populations of Aldrovanda vesiculosa in four lakes, Caldesia parnassifolia in two lakes, and Najas flexilis in four lakes in the northeastern part of the country. We studied Aldrovanda vesiculosa populations three times (2015, 2019, and 2022) in Lake Rūžas and once each in Lake Apvardai and Lake Dysnai (2020). The population density of Aldrovanda vesiculosa ranged from 193.4 ± 159.7 to 224.0 ± 211.0 individuals/m2, the mean length of plants ranged from 12.5 ± 2.1 to 14.3 ± 2.7 cm, and the mean number of apices ranged from 2.0 ± 0.7 to 2.2 ± 0.9 per individual. The habitat of Aldrovanda vesiculosa in Lake Rūžas covered an area of about 3 ha. The number of generative individuals of Caldesia parnassifolia widely varied between years in Lake Rūžas. All populations of Najas flexilis were small, although the potential habitats in the studied lakes cover relatively large areas. We propose designating all lakes with populations of Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Caldesia parnassifolia, and Najas flexilis as special areas of conservation, as well as developing and implementing action plans for the conservation of these species and their habitats.
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