Melanoma is the most aggressive malignant skin tumor and arises from melanocytes. The resistance of melanoma cells to various treatments results in rapid tumor growth and high mortality. As a local therapeutic modality, photodynamic therapy has been successfully applied for clinical treatment of skin diseases. Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment method for various types of malignant tumors in humans and, compared to conventional treatment methods, has fewer side effects, and is more accurate and non-invasive. Although several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown encouraging results regarding the potential benefits of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma, its clinical application remains limited owing to its relative inefficiency. This review article discusses the use of photodynamic therapy in melanoma treatment as well as the latest progress made in deciphering the mechanism of tolerance. Lastly, potential targets are identified that may improve photodynamic therapy against melanoma cells.

Cancer is a major threat to human health because of its high mortality, easy recurrence, strong invasion, and metastasis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising minimally invasive treatment for tumor. Compared with traditional treatment methods, PDT is less invasive and does not easily damage normal tissues. Most of the effects of this treatment are due to the direct effects of singlet oxygen together with reactive oxygen species. PDT can provide the source of active oxygen for the Fenton reaction, which enhances ferroptosis and also improves the efficacy of PDT in antitumor therapy. Additionally, in contrast to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT has the effect of stimulating the immune response, which can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and stimulate immunity. PDT is an ideal minimally invasive treatment method for tumors. In this paper, according to the characteristics of anti-tumor immunity of PDT, some tumor treatment strategies of PDT combined with anti-tumor immunotherapy are reviewed.

Background Autologous fat grafting has been widely applied in cosmetic breast augmentation in recent years. However, nontuberculous mycobacteria infection, as one of the multiple complications described in the literature, has been less well discussed. Objective The aims of the study were to report 5 cases of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection after autologous fat injection for the cosmetic breast augmentation and to explore its causes. Methods In this noncomparative, retrospective, and interventional case series, we identified 5 patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. All patients had a history of previous autologous fat injection into the breast for cosmetic purpose, performed in different plastic facilities. Results Five patients developed nontuberculous mycobacteria infection after autologous fat injection for cosmetic breast augmentation and came to our group for treatment. Grafted fat removal through multiple debridement and long-term intravenous and oral antibiotic therapy were required in our cases. Conclusions The number of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection after autologous fat injection into the breast is increasing. Surgeons should be aware of the complication, which rarely manifests during the procedure itself. Strict aseptic principles should be obeyed throughout the surgery.