Water-related parasitic diseases are directly dependent on water bodies for their spread or as a habitat for indispensable intermediate or final hosts. Along with socioeconomic development and improvement of sanitation, overall prevalence is declining in the China. However, the heterogeneity in economic development and the inequity of access to public services result in considerable burden due to parasitic diseases in certain areas and populations across the country. In this review, we demonstrated three aspects of ten major water-related parasitic diseases, i.e., the biology and pathogenicity, epidemiology and recent advances in research in China. General measures for diseases control and special control strategies are summarized.
Objective
To determine factors associated with tobacco cessation counseling in medical school clerkships
Methods
Third-year medical students at 10 medical schools across the United States completed a 100-item survey, measuring the frequency with which they experienced their preceptors’ providing clinical teaching components: clear instruction, feedback, modeling behavior, setting clear objectives, and responding to questions about tobacco dependence counseling as well as frequency of use of tobacco prompts and office systems. Our primary dependent measure was student self-reported skill level for items of tobacco dependence treatment (e.g. “5As”).
Results
Surveys were completed by 1213 students. For both family medicine and internal medicine clerkships, modeling and providing clear instruction on ways to provide tobacco counseling were reported most commonly. In contrast, providing feedback and clear objectives for tobacco dependence treatment lagged behind. Overall, students who reported preceptors’ provision of optimal clinical teaching components and office system prompts in both family medicine and internal medicine clerkships had higher self-reported skill (p<0.001) than students with no exposure or exposure during only one of the clerkships.
Conclusions
Future educational interventions intended to help students adopt effective tobacco dependence treatment techniques should be engineered to facilitate these critical precepting components.
Conventional adjoint-based climate simulations are generally time-consuming because they require the frequent reading of historical data from hard disks, adopt a calculate-all implementation strategy, and work in a serial way. To improve the computational efficiency of these simulations, this paper proposes a framework with a series of optimizations, including an I/O optimization, several implementation improvements, and two parallelizing schemes. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed framework, a Zebiak-Cane (ZC) case model is studied and presented in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can greatly improve the computational efficiency of climate simulations.
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