BACKGROUND: Postretrieval extinction attenuates the pathological memory associated with psychiatric states such as drug addiction in both humans and rodents. The extinction of a learned response requires gene transcription and protein synthesis after memory retrieval in a time-dependent manner, yet the precise physiological basis after retrieval to allow extinction to neutralize a learned behavior is not fully understood. METHODS: In a cocaine conditioned place preference paradigm, we used a ribosomal tagging strategy to measure the translational state of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after the retrieval of cocaine-associated context memory. Using approaches of electrophysiology, neuronal tracing, and a doxycycline-dependent robust activity marking system, we investigated the cellular and molecular basis of retrieval-induced plasticity that facilitated the extinction. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis discovered the specific translational regulation of signaling pathways by retrieval and revealed Nptx2 as the hub gene. Manipulating Nptx2 in dorsal hippocampus bidirectionally regulated the extinction of cocaine-associated context memory as well as the retrieval-driven synaptic remodeling. The pentraxin (PTX) domain of NPTX2 recruited GluA1-AMPA receptors and enhanced the extinction and excitatory synaptic transmission that was prevented by overexpressing carboxyl cytoplasmic tail of GluA1. Furthermore, Nptx2 in retrieval-activated neurons was required for the extinction. CONCLUSIONS: The retrieval-driven upregulation of Nptx2 contributes to the synaptic remodeling in dorsal hippocampus and facilitates the extinction of cocaine-associated context memory, indicating a potential target for the treatment of cue-induced cocaine seeking.
Background: Growing body of scientific researches in recent years have suggested the promising effect of meditation on improving cognitive impairment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This paper aims to provide a protocol for systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of meditation on cognition performance of patient with AD and MCI. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Chinese Biological Medicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and VIP information database will be searched systematically and electronically from establishment to March 2020. All published randomized controlled trials related will be included. Assessment of bias risk and data analyses will be implemented by Review Manager (V.5.3.5). The strength of the evidence will be assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Results: A high-quality synthesis of current evidence of meditation for patient with AD and mild cognitive impairment will be provided in this study. Conclusion: This protocol of systematic review will be helpful for providing evidence of whether meditation is an effective and safe intervention for cognitive impairment of patient with AD and MCI. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is unnecessary since this protocol is only for systematic review and does not involve privacy data or conduct an animal experiment. This protocol will be disseminated by a peer-review journal or conference presentation. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42019145932.
Background. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common gynecological conditions with no standard modern therapeutic schedule. Some studies have reported the effects of acupuncture in treating PMS, but the intervention time varies. This review evaluated the efficacy of acupuncture for patients with PMS and the appropriate time to initiate acupuncture therapy. The review has been registered on the “PROSPERO” website; the registration number is CRD42018109724. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was performed on 9 electronic databases from the time of inception to September 2018. RCTs studies on acupuncture for PMS compared with medication, sham acupuncture, or no treatment were included. Statistical analysis and investigation of heterogeneity source were carried out using RevMan5. 3. Results. A total of 15 studies, comprising of 1103 cases, were included. Overall, acupuncture significantly increased the effective rate of PMS compared with medicine and sham acupuncture. Subgroup analyses showed no significant difference among different intervention time to start acupuncture treatment. Among the acupoints involved in the treatment of PMS, SP6, LR3, and RN4 were the most commonly used. Conclusions. The current meta-analysis reveals that acupuncture leads to better effective rate, but the intervention time has no significant effect on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for PMS. SP6, LR3, and RN4 are the most commonly used acupoints in treating PMS. However, large-scale, case-control studies with rigorous designs are required to provide more accurate evidence.
Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is a common disease in children, which is also known as the common cold. Pediatric Tuina is a common treatment that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) doctors commonly use for URTIs. However, there has no relevant systematic review studied on its effects and safety been reported. We plan to perform a systematically reviewing of all the clinical evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Tuina for URTIs in children. Methods: We will conduct the literature searching in the following electronic databases: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese Clinical Trial Registry System. The time limit for retrieving studies is from establishment to July 2019 for each database. All published randomized controlled trials (RTCs) related to this review will be included. Review Manager (V.5.3.5) will be implemented for the assessment of bias risk and data analyses. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be performed based on the conditions of included data. Results: A high-quality synthesis of current evidence of Tuina for children with URTIs will be provided in this study. Conclusion: This systematic review will provide evidence of whether Tuina is an effective intervention for children with URTIs. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019126963.
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