An important and challenging aspect of developing an intelligent transportation system is the identification of nighttime vehicles. Most accidents occur at night owing to the absence of night lighting conditions. Vehicle detection has become a vital subject for research to ensure safety and avoid accidents. New vision-based on-road nighttime vehicle detection and tracking system are suggested in this survey paper using taillight and headlight features. Using computer vision and some image processing techniques, the proposed system can identify vehicles based on taillight and headlight features. For vehicle tracking, a centroid tracking algorithm has been used. Euclidean Distance method has been used for measuring the distances between two neighboring objects and tracks the nearest neighbor. In the proposed system two flexible fixed Region of Interest (ROI) have been used, one is the Headlight ROI, and another is the Taillight ROI that could adapt to different resolutions of the images and videos. The achievement of this research work is that the proposed two ROIs can work simultaneously in a frame to identify oncoming and preceding vehicles at night. The segmentation techniques and double thresholding method have been used to extract the red and white components from the scene to identify the vehicle headlights and taillights. To evaluate the capability of the proposed process, two types of datasets have been used. Experimental findings indicate that the performance of the proposed technique is reliable and effective in distinct nighttime environments for detection and tracking of vehicles. The proposed method has been able to detect and track double lights as well as single light such as motorcycle light and achieved average accuracy and average processing time of vehicle detection about 97.22% and 0.01 s per frame respectively.

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Vehicle number plate detection and recognition is an integral part of the IntelligentTransport System (ITS) as every vehicle has a number plate as part of its identity. The quantity of vehicles on road is growing in the modern age, so numerous crimes are also increasing day by day. Almost every day the news of missing vehicles and accidents are perceived. Vehicles tracking is often required to investigate all these illegal activities. So, vehicle number plate identification, as well as recognition, is an active field of study. However, vehicle number plate identification has always been a challenging task for some reasons, for example, brightness changes, vehicle shadows, and non-uniform license plate character type, various styles, and environment color effects. In this review work, various state-of-the-art vehicle number plate detection, as well as recognition strategies, have been outlined on how researchers have experimented with these techniques, which methods have been developed or used, what datasets have been focused on, what kinds of characters have been recognized and how much progress have been achieved. Hopefully, for future research, this review would be very useful.

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The impact of customer retrial phenomenon due to impatient users in call admission control (existing and proposed) based voice/data integrated system has been modelled, analyzed, and explored. The main aim of this research work is to find the actual situation of system performance in the presence of retrial phenomena and to show unambiguously that the retrial phenomena due to impatient users do degrade the performance, i.e., QoS (qualityof-service) of the system and this paper quantitatively measures and shows/presents this degradation mainly using plots/graphs. Previously the retrial phenomenon was investigated by other researchers using very simplified models with almost no call admission control schemes (CACS). The novelty of this paper is that it has done the work by integrating almost all the major and effective tools and techniques together with two state-of-the-art or cutting edge CACSs, namely -DTBR (Dual Threshold Bandwidth Reservation) scheme, and DP (Dynamic Partition) scheme that can deal with multidimensional traffic in voice/data integrated cellular networks. Retrial phenomenon is incorporated in DTBR and DTBRRCD (DTBR with Reserved Channel for Data) schemes. DTBRRCD is a DP-like DTBR scheme which is proposed to extend or modify DTBR to give data priority. CACS are used to ensure maximum user support with minimum bandwidth, i.e., much improved channel efficiency and at the same time to give QoS (quality-of-service) assurance for each type of traffic. This paper integrated queuing model and approximate continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). Approximate CTMC was used to prevent "state-space explosion" in the case of large user populations.

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