Abstract.A within-host mathematical model to describe the dynamics of target cells and viral load in early HIV-1 infection was developed, which incorporates a combination of RTI and PI treatments by using a pharmacokinetics model. The local stability of uninfected steady state for the model was determined using an alternative threshold. The pharmacokinetics model was employed to estimate drug efficacy in multiple drug dosing. The effect of periodic drug efficacy of pharmacokinetic type on outcome of HIV-1 infection was explored under various treatment interruptions. The effectiveness of treatment interruption was determined according to the time period of the drug holidays. The results showed that long drug holidays lead to therapy failure. Under interruption of treatments combining RTI and PI therapy, effectiveness of the treatment requires a short duration of the drug holiday.
<p>BACKGROUND<br />Lead acetate (Pb) inhibits heme biosynthesis through inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (δ-ALAD), copro porphyrinogen<br />oxidase, and ferro chelatase. Zinc supplementation increases lead-binding<br />metallothionein proteins. The purpose of this study was to find evidence that zinc supplementation prior to lead exposure improves heme biosynthesis in rats</p><p>METHODS<br />This was a randomized post-test only control-group design study involving 28 rats assigned to 4 groups (1 control and 3 treatment groups). The treatment groups were supplemented with zinc at doses of 0.2, 0.4, and<br />0.8 mg daily by gavage for 3 weeks. From week 4 to 13, all groups were<br />exposed to lead 0.5 g/kg BW/day by gavage. At the end of week 13, δ-<br />ALAD, erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP), and heme concentrations were <br />determined by means of ELISA. One-way ANOVA, followed by<br />Bonferroni’s test was used to analyse the data.</p><p>RESULTS<br />Mean δ-ALAD concentrations decreased from the control group down to<br />treatment group 3 (0.24 ± 0.20; 0.15 ± 0.15; 0.12 ± 0.11; 0.05 ± 0.06 ng/<br />mean per unit). Mean EPP concentrations decreased from the control group down to treatment group 3 (1.96 ± 0.50; 1.24 ± 0.24; 1.03 ± 0.05; 0.62 ± 0.16 ng/mL). Mean heme concentrations increased from the control<br />group up to treatment group 3 (8.07 ± 2.64; 10.11 ± 2.27; 10.04 ± 1.65;<br />11.41 ± 2.58 μM). ANOVA followed by Bonferroni showed that EPP concentrations differed significantly between the control group and treatment group 3 (p=0.00).</p><p>CONCLUSION<br />Zinc supplementation prior to lead exposure improves heme biosynthesis <br />in rats exposed to lead.</p>
Aloe vera is one of many medicinal plants used as hypoglycemic. Higher glucose levels are one of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to study effectiveness of Aloe vera peel extract on insulin and serum glucose levels of rats with type 2 diabetic. Twenty Wistar rats were induced intraperitoneally using single dose of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide acid (NA). The rats were divided into control and treatment groups, which was supplemented using 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of Aloe vera peel extracts for 28 days, respectively. The serum glucose levels were measured after three days of induction, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, while the insulin levels were measured after three days of induction and at the end of treatment. In the control groups, the serum glucose levels in the second and fourth weeks remained significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the treatment group. The insulin levels of the groups with Aloe vera peel extract was significantly higher than control group. Aloe vera peel extract exerts hypoglycemic effects by reducing the blood glucose level and improving insulin secretion on the type 2 diabetic rats.
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