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The present study used a sample of Chinese adolescents and validated a short-form of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran: One's Memories of Upbringing (s-EMBU) assessing perceived parental rearing styles. A Chinese revision of the s-EMBU by the authors was administered to a total of 779 high school students, ages 11 to 19 years. Exploratory factor analysis with half of the sample yielded a three-factor solution of Rejection, Emotional Warmth, and Overprotection, accounting for 47.1% of the total variance onthe father form and 48.8% of the total variance on the mother form. Then, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the three-factor model to the data in the other half of the sample. The three subscales consisted of 6, 6, and 7 items, respectively. Scores on these subscales had Cronbach alphas ranging from .71 to .81, indicating adequate internal consistency. These psychometric properties suggest its applicability for research with Chinese adolescents.

KDP and ADP crystals were grown by the rapid growth method, and the origin of the extra optical absorption in both crystals has been explored by theoretical method. The calculation results well explain the experimental phenomenon, and confirm the existence of hydrogen vacancies in both crystals.

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 HPO 4 , ADP) crystal can be used to generate second, third and fourth harmonics. In this paper, the growth characteristics of ADP and the differences between the growth solubility and structures of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ADP crystal are discussed in detail. Ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to explore the growth morphology of ADP crystal at different supersaturation values. A series of ADP crystals were grown, and the transmission spectra of ADP crystals across the whole transmission region were measured. Laser-induced damage threshold (LDT) was measured, and was found to be higher than the average value of LDT of KDP and 70% deuterated DKDP crystals.

VP5− defects are regarded as one of the main sources for the initial structural breakdown in KDP compared with ADP.

The discharge characteristics of SF 6 dependent on gas pressure under extremely inhomogeneous electric fields are strongly nonlinear and must be carefully considered when optimizing gasinsulated equipment insulation design and defect detection. The main aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nonlinear breakdown characteristics and the pre-breakdown discharge mode transition. The breakdown model established by Niemeyer, as adapted under impulse voltage, was expanded. The images and the phase-resolved patterns of the prebreakdown discharge as a function of gas pressure and applied voltage were analyzed to observe the relationship between them as per the spatial distribution of the spark paths. A universal model of the nonlinear breakdown phenomenon under steady-state voltage was established accordingly. Experimental results demonstrate the existence of a positive glow corona (PGC) discharge in the interval with the discontinuous breakdown voltage as well as significant interactions between the PGC discharge and leader discharge. The nonlinear characteristics can be attributed to the inception and quenching of the PGC discharge. The shielding effect induced by the PGC discharge is the neglected culprit of the strong nonlinear discharge characteristics under steady-state voltage. The nonmonotonic U-p curve in electronegative gases was also assessed in an effort to build a theoretical basis for the manufacture and condition monitoring of the gas-insulated equipment.

BackgroundEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling is critical in epithelial cancer development. Human rhomboid family-1 (RHBDF1) facilitates the secretion of TGFα, an EGFR ligand, in breast cancer; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We evaluated the role for RHBDF1 in clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV)-dependent pro-TGFα membrane trafficking in breast cancer cells upon stimulation by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists.MethodsRHBDF1 was silenced in various breast cancer cells using shRNA. TGFα levels, subcellular localization, and secretion were evaluated using ELISA, immunofluorescent staining, and coimmunoprecipitation. Phosphorylation and expression of relevant proteins were measured by western blotting. RHBDF1-dependent cell viability and invasion were measured.FindingsRHBDF1 mediates GPCR agonist-induced EGFR phosphorylation by promoting TGFα secretion in various types of breast cancer cells. RHBDF1 not only mediates ADAM17-dependent shedding of TGFα, but is essential in membrane trafficking of pro-TGFα. RHBDF1 silencing results in blocking of clathrin uncoating from CCV, a crucial step for the plasma membrane release of pro-TGFα. Interaction of RHBDF1 with auxilin-2, a CCV protein, determines the recruitment of HSC70 to CCV to facilitate clathrin uncoating. RHBDF1 function is required for the proliferation and mobility of breast cancer cells upon stimulation by Sphingosine 1 Phosphate (S1P), a GPCR agonist. We demonstrate a significant correlation between RHBDF1 overexpression and EGFR activation in breast cancer tissues.InterpretationRHBDF1 is an indispensable component of the protein trafficking machinery involved in GPCR-mediated EGFR transactivation, and is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer.FundNational Natural Science Foundation of China (81,672,740 to ZSZ, 81,272,356 and 81,330,029 to LYL).