The crystal grain size can be quantitatively calculated by Scherrer equation according to the diffraction peak broadening in the XRD curves. Actually, the results calculated by the Scherrer equation are the thickness that perpendicular to the crystal planes. However, in the actual XRD measurements, the broadening of the diffraction peaks is not only because of the Micro‐level changes of crystal such as grain size and lattice distortion, but also due to the instrumental broadening. Thus, the Scherrer equation is less reliable if the full width at half maximum caused by the physical broadening is smaller than that caused by the instrumental broadening. In this paper, it is concluded that the applicable range of the Scherrer equation will increases with the increasing diffraction angle. As an example of Scherrer equation's application, the calculation result for the maximum applicable scope of Si(100) films is 137 nm.
Polycrystalline silicon films with a preferential (2 2 0) orientation have been fabricated by annealing amorphous silicon films using a photon-involved rapid thermal annealing process. In contrast, conventional thermal annealing of the same amorphous silicon films results in crystallization at a preferential (1 1 1) orientation. This difference reveals direct photons interactions upon the silicon atoms, which results in preferential crystallization at the atom plane with the smallest atom densities on their projection plane, instead of the ones with the lowest energies at conventional thermal annealing.
Objective: To observe the anesthetic effect of dexmedetomidine combined with the mixture of propofol and etomidate on painless gastroscopy in children. Methods: A total of 80 pediatric patients who underwent painless gastroscopy in the Guangxi Minzu Hospital from January 2019 to September 2020 were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, with 40 patients in each group. Group A was given A mixture of etomidate 20 mg and propofol 0.2g, Dexmedetomidine was pumped into group B 10min before surgery, 0.4 g/kg. HR, SBP, DBP, SpO2 and BIS were continuously monitored after entering the room. The doses of propofol and etomidate were recorded, as well as the time of waking and leaving the hospital. Adverse reactions such as hypotension, hypoxemia, nausea, vomiting and dizziness were recorded too. Results: Compared with group A, the dosage of propofol and etomidate in group B was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), the time of waking and out of the chamber were significantly shortened (P < 0.001), the body movement in the incidence of intraoperative was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), and the nausea, vomiting and dizziness in the incidence of postoperative were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine combined with propofol and etomidate mixture can be safely used in painless gastroscopy in children, which can significantly reduce the dosage of propofol and etomidate, reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions, and shorten the time of resuscitation and discharge.
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