Based on data from 1,366 Chinese preschoolers aged 31-77 months from 62 preschools, this study compared differences among four parent-child dyads in parent-child relationships and the associations between parent-child relationships and children's social adaptations. According to the results, the same-sex dyad and opposite-sex dyad patterns were tested. The results showed the same-sex dyad and opposite-sex dyad patterns in parent-child closeness. Mother-daughter dyads had more closeness than mother-son dyads; father-daughter dyads had more closeness than father-son dyads. The results were more supportive of the same-sex dyad pattern in the associations between parent-child relationships and social adaptations. Mother-child closeness predicted girls' greater social skills and fewer problem behaviors; father-child conflict predicted boys' worse social skills and greater problem behaviors.

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Previous research has found that children can engage in rectification of pre-existing inequality by allocating more resources to individuals and groups of disadvantaged status, but less research has investigated how children address the inequalities using resources of different values, especially when they are linked to group membership (i.e., in-group or out-group member) in the first-party (Study 1) and third-party contexts (Study 2). To address these issues, children aged 5-6 years How children will react to pre-existing inequality, whether to rectify (allocate more to the disadvantaged), distribute equally, or perpetuate (allocate more to the advantaged), is an important issue in children's moral development Olson et al., 2011;. Empirical evidence showed that children as young as 4-year-olds were highly sensitive to the concern of equality and that 6-to 8-year-old children would rather throw away resources than distribute them unequally (Blake & Mcauliffe, 2011;Shaw & Olson, 2012;Wu & Gao, 2018). However, in the context of pre-existing inequality where one person has received more resources than another, the most equitable choice is to rectify inequalities by allocating more resources to the disadvantaged rather than by allocating them strictly equally. It has been found that young children seek to equalize resource distributions between others by allocating more resources to individuals with disadvantaged status, and this rectification of inequality increases with age (

Interpersonal strengths are important positive traits of human beings. This study investigated the phenomenon and mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of interpersonal strengths. A total of 992 fourth-to ninth-grade children (48.1% boys, M age = 12.63) and both mothers and fathers in China were involved in the present study. The results showed that fathers' (but not mothers') interpersonal strengths were directly associated with children's interpersonal strengths. Different transmission mechanisms of mothers and fathers were found: mother-child relationships and fathers' parenting styles explained the association between parents' and children's interpersonal strengths and between marital relationships and children's interpersonal strengths. Consistent transmission effects and mechanisms were found across child grade, gender, and sibling status. The findings of the current study provide evidence of intergenerational correlations for both parents regarding interpersonal strengths. Parents (especially fathers) with interpersonal strengths can raise children with corresponding strengths through particular family processes regardless of child characteristics.