Abstract:Brain Drain is an integral part of globalization, and constitutes a significant challenge for least developed countries undergoing processes of modernization. Traditionally, Brain Drain has been seen as a zero sun game that makes the rich richer, and the poor, poorer. Globalization has led to an increased international demand for skilled labour. Brain Drain suggests an unequal distribution of advantages and disadvantages of global migration. However, this unequal distribution could effectively be reverted if immediate action is taken, challenges to host and source countries are identified, and policies are adopted to revert its negative effects Key words: Brain Drain, host countries, source countries, highly-skilled migration, globalization, Latin America, migration. 30Lisdey espinoza pedraza Universidad aUtónoma de CoLombia Fuga de cerebros. Efectos sociales y políticos en los países de América LatinaResumen:La fuga de talentos es una parte integral del proceso de globalización y se presenta con un reto para países en procesos de modernización. Tradicionalmente, la fuga de talentos ha sido vista como un juego de suma cero que hace al rico más rico y al pobre más pobre. La globalización ha traído consigo una mayor demanda de capital altamente calificado, y aunque la fuga de talentos efectivamente trae consigo un sinnúmero de desventajas, estas pueden ser revertidas si se toman acciones concretas en los países emisores.Palabras clave: fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalización, migración calificada, migración. Fuga de cérebros Efeitos sociais e políticos nos países da América LatinaResumo:A fuga de talentos é uma parte integral do processo de globalização e se apresenta como um reto para os países em processo de modernização. Tradicionalmente, a fuga de talentos tem sido vista como um jogo de soma zero que faz mais rico ao rico e mais pobre ao pobre. A globalização tem trazido consigo uma maior demanda de capital altamente qualificado, e ainda que a fuga de talentos efetivamente traga consigo um sem-número de desvantagens, estas podem ser revertidas caso sejam executadas ações concretas nos países emissores.Palavras-chave: fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalização, migração qualificada, migração.
This paper will attempt to answer what the current state of contemporary democracy in Mexico is after the return of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (pri) to the presidency by analysing the role of Civil Society, Political Society and the Rule of Law from 2012 to 2018. This paper will also explore if the party’s return was indeed a step backwards in the process of Mexican democratisation, or whether it was simply another step on a long road in which the various political parties alternate power. In 2018, Mexico elected its new president for the next consecutive 6 years along with a fair number of congressional seats and local gubernatorial posts, an election that again put Mexican democracy through a difficult test.
This paper will attempt to answer what the current state of contemporary democracy in Mexico is after the return of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to the presidency by analysing the role of Civil Society, Political Society and the Rule of Law from 2012 to 2018. This paper will also explore if the party’s return was indeed a step backwards in the process of Mexican democratisation, or whether it was simply another step on a long road in which the various political parties alternate power. In 2018, Mexico elected its new president for the next consecutive 6 years along with a fair number of congressional seats and local gubernatorial posts, an election that again put Mexican democracy through a difficult test.
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