PurposeThe purpose of this scoping review was to identify the availability of caregiver-friendly workplace policies (CFWPs) from January 2015 to June 2019.Design/methodology/approachIn order to determine changes over time, the present review is consistent with the methodology used in a scoping review of CFWPs conducted by the same research group five years earlier. This included applying an iterative database search to identify relevant articles, applying inclusion-exclusion criteria and performing qualitative thematic analysis on eligible articles. Both academic literature and literature that is not peer-reviewed were considered.FindingsA total of 80 papers were included, with 82 unique workplaces identified. Three main qualitative themes were discussed: (1) inclusivity, (2) generosity and (3) culture. The finance, education, healthcare and technology industries were most generous. The most common CFWPs offered were support services; paid leave; backup adult care and flexible work arrangements.Practical implicationsThis review narrows the gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive synthesis of CFWPs availability to better understand how workplaces are currently supporting caregiver-employees (CEs) while providing recommendations on how to support CEs moving forward.Originality/valueThis paper discusses significant differences from the first scoping review undertaken by the same research group five years ago, suggesting that progress has been made in the workplace culture needed to accommodate carer-employees.
Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) to host endothelium has been associated with pathology in malaria. Although the interaction with endothelial cells can be complex due to the relatively large number of host receptors available for binding, specific proteins have been identified that are more commonly used than others. For example, binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1) is found frequently in parasites from pediatric cases of malaria. The binding site for P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on ICAM 1 has been mapped in some detail and is distinct from the site for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1). Part of the ICAM 1 binding site for P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (the DE loop) was used to screen a library of compounds based on its structure (derived from the crystal structure of human ICAM 1). This resulted in the identification of 36 structural mimeotopes as potential competitive inhibitors of binding. One of these compounds, (؉)-epigalloyl-catechin-gallate [(؉)-EGCG], was found to inhibit IE adhesion to ICAM 1 in a dose-dependent manner with two variant ICAM 1-binding parasite lines, providing the first example of a potential mimeotope-based anticytoadherence inhibitor for Plasmodium falciparum.Malaria imposes a huge burden of mortality and morbidity in developing countries (25), particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is responsible for over 1 million deaths per year. Most of these are caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, one of four human malaria parasites and the only one to undergo significant adhesion to host endothelium, resulting in the sequestration of mature erythrocytic-stage infected erythrocytes (IE) from the peripheral circulation. The pathology of P. falciparum malaria is complex and comprises a number of syndromes, at least some of which are thought to be related to the ability of IE to adhere to host small-vessel endothelium. Several endothelial receptors have been implicated in this interaction (for a review, see reference 9), including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1) (5). For IE that use ICAM 1, the receptor appears to be an important component of binding, as inhibition using specific monoclonal antibodies reduces cytoadherence to almost background levels despite the presence of other receptors, such as CD36 (12). Although there is some evidence associating sequestration with severe disease, the identification of specific receptor usage linked with pathology has been difficult, with different studies producing conflicting conclusions. In one large study in Kenya, the ability of patient isolates to bind to ICAM 1 was linked to disease (with a trend toward cerebral malaria, a serious, life-threatening manifestation of disease) (14). However, other studies have shown no effect (18). Despite these difficulties, it seems likely that being able to prevent or reverse adhesion to endothelium will be beneficial in acute disease by providing direct access by host clearance systems to the sequestered mass of parasit...
The precarity of young people's transitions to work has been a longstanding focus in youth studies. As Furlong and others have demonstrated, processes of social, political and economic restructuring have led to a pronounced instability for young people entering the labour market. While the notion of labour market precarity has gained attention, the 'contamination' of precarity into other spheres of life such as leisure has been less developed. This article seeks to extend these debates through interrogation of the concept of 'leisure precarity'. Drawing on a qualitative study of youth leisure in Glasgow, it argues that temporal anxieties have reframed young people's experiences and understandings of leisure such that young people have come to fear 'empty' or unproductive time. The pressures of juggling work and study, or looking for work, meant that most participants in our research had limited time free for leisure, and temporal rhythms became fragmented between past, present and future. The paper argues that these multiple and contradictory leisure dispositions reveal new forms of individualisation and uncertainty, as well as traditional patterns of inequality, thereby bringing youth transitions into dialogue with the study of precarity in the twenty-first century.
This chapter has been accepted for publication and will appear in a revised form, subsequent to appropriate
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.