We collected norms on the gender stereotypicality of an extensive list of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak to be used as a basis for the selection of stimulus material in future studies. We present a web-based tool (https://www.unifr.ch/lcg/) that we developed to collect these norms and that we expect to be useful for other researchers as well. In essence, we provide (a) norms across languages and (b) a tool to facilitate cross-language as well as cross-cultural comparisons when researchers are interested in the investigation of the impact of stereotypicality on the processing of role nouns.Gender stereotypes across seven languagesNorms on the gender perception of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak Thoughts and conceptual categorizations, as well as their relation to language, have long been studied and debated in cognitive psychology (e.g., Phillips & Boroditsky, 2003; Slobin, 1996). Within this domain, the mental representation of gender has been of particular interest, as research revealed its reliance on both properties of the language, such as grammatical gender, and perceivers' concepts, such as stereotypes (e.g., Carreiras, Garnham, Oakhill, & Cain, 1996; Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill, & Garnham, 2008; Stahlberg, Braun, Irmen, & Sczesny, 2007).Research that aims at disentangling the impact of these sources can greatly profit from cross-linguistic and/or cross-cultural comparisons. To facilitate such research, the present study has two objectives:First, we provide norms on the gender stereotypicality (or conceptual gender) of an extensive number of role nouns in seven European languages. These norms enable researchers to take gender-associations into account when selecting stimulus material especially for cross-linguistic or cross-cultural studies. Second, we present a web-based tool that we developed for the collection of these norms in different languages. This tool takes into account cross-linguistic variations in with the way that the gender of nouns with human referents is grammatically encoded, so that equivalent procedures can be used with each language. More specifically, a questionnaire design was created that can be used despite such variations. As outlined below, the existence of grammatical gender in some languages, but not others, had implications for the questionnaire format used in this study. As a side effect, the tool can easily be extended for use with further languages. We believe that this tool will, therefore, be a valuable resource for researchers in various psychological disciplines Gender stereotypes across seven languages ! 5 who wish to systematically collect norms for different languages and/or from specific populations, for future studies.Grammatical gender refers to a type of noun classification. In relation to this classification, most European languages can be assigned to one of the following four categories (Braun, Oakhill, & Garnham, 2011) : grammatical gender (e.g. French), ...

Psycholinguistic investigations of the way readers and speakers perceive gender have shown several biases associated with how gender is linguistically realized in language. Although such variations across languages offer interesting grounds for legitimate cross-linguistic comparisons, pertinent characteristics of grammatical systems – especially in terms of their gender asymmetries – have to be clearly identified. In this paper, we present a language index for researchers interested in the effect of grammatical gender on the mental representations of women and men. Our index is based on five main language groups (i.e., grammatical gender languages, languages with a combination of grammatical gender and natural gender, natural gender languages, genderless languages with few traces of grammatical gender and genderless languages) and three sets of specific features (morphology, masculine-male generics and asymmetries). Our index goes beyond existing ones in that it provides specific dimensions relevant to those interested in psychological and sociological impacts of language on the way we perceive women and men. We also offer a critical discussion of any endeavor to classify languages according to grammatical gender.

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The present paper reports a pilot study which tested cognitive effects of mindfulness practice in a theory-driven approach. Thirty-four fifth graders received either a mindfulness training which was based on the mindfulness-based stress reduction approach (experimental group), a concentration training (active control group), or no treatment (passive control group). Based on the operational definition of mindfulness by Bishop et al. (2004), effects on sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, cognitive inhibition, and data-driven as opposed to schema-based information processing were predicted. These abilities were assessed in a pre-post design by means of a vigilance test, a reversible figures test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a Stroop test, a visual search task, and a recognition task of prototypical faces. Results suggest that the mindfulness training specifically improved cognitive inhibition and data-driven information processing.

The present study investigates the effects of stereotypical gender during anaphor resolution in German. The study aims at isolating the effects of gender-stereotypical cues from the effects of grammatical gender. Experiment 1 employs descriptions of typically male, female, and neutral occupations that contain no grammatical cue to the referent gender, followed by a masculine or feminine role noun, in a reaction time priming paradigm. Experiment 2 uses eye-tracking methodology to examine how the gender typicality of these descriptions affects the resolution of a matching or mismatching anaphoric pronoun. Results show a mismatch effect manifest at very early stages of processing. Both experiments also reveal asymmetries in the processing of the two genders suggesting that the representation of female rather than male referents is more flexible in counterstereotypical contexts. No systematic relation is found between eye movements and individual gender attitude measures, whereas a reliable correlation is found with gender typicality ratings.