Waste disposal is one of the most pressing concerns facing modern society. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the majority of organic waste from various residential, agricultural, and industrial sources can be converted by microorganisms into biofuels. These fuels provide valuable renewable energy sources that could significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions such as the passive release of methane from landfill sites. There are four types of biofuels that are produced by microbial action: (i) algal lipids, (ii) alcohols, (iii) methane, and (iv) hydrogen. In contrast to the others, methane production is the product of relatively robust microbial communities. Furthermore, methane can be produced from the residues of other biofuel production systems. The other biofuels are generally produced in single-organism systems, but there is increasing interest in employing syntrophic interaction between microorganisms for their manufacture. This is particularly true for the cellulosic production of ethanol and hydrogen, where cellulose must first be degraded into glucose. Algal lipids made with waste CO2 from the burning of fuel, and wastewater and wastewater sludge as nutrients, is the only biofuel efficiently produced by algae; however, algae grown on waste material also shows promise as feedstock for the production of other biofuels. The processing of biomass through two or more of these production systems would optimize waste conversion into biofuels.Résumé : Le traitement des déchets constitue une des préoccupations les plus urgentes qui confrontent la société moderne. Il devient de plus en plus apparent que la majorité des déchets organiques de sources résidentielles, agricoles et industrielles variées puissent être transformés par des microorganismes, en biocarburants. Ces biocarburants constituent des sources d'énergie renouvelable de grande valeur susceptible de diminuer significativement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre comme le relâchement passif de méthane à partir des sites d'enfouissement. Les activités microbiennes produisent quatre types de biocarburants; lipides d'algues, alcools, méthane et hydrogène. Contrairement aux autres procédés, la production de méthane vient de communautés microbiennes relativement robustes. De plus, le méthane permet la production à partir d'autres résidus ou autres systèmes de production de biocarburants. Les autres biocarburants proviennent généralement de systè-mes microbiens monospécifiques, mais on observe un intérêt croissant pour l'emploi d'une interaction syntrophique entre microorganismes pour leur production. Ceci s'avère particulièrement pour la production d'éthanol et d'hydrogène à partir de la cellulose, où l'on doit d'abord dégrader la cellulose en glucose. Les lipides d'algues produits à partir de CO 2 récupéré à partir de la combustion de carburants, et des eaux usées ainsi que des boues d'épuration comme source de nutriments, constitue le seul biocarburant efficacement produit à partir d'algues; cependant, les algues cultivées sur matériaux rejetés s'a...
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