This paper provides new estimates for male ± female earnings differentials in Russia, incorporating the use of the Heckman (Econometrica 47: 153 ± 161, 1979) two-step procedure for sample selection bias. This is a necessary adjustment in the case of female earnings because women who participate in the labour market may be a non-random sub-set of those who could work. This is a technique that enables the participation decision of women to be modelled and their earnings corrected for self-selection. The gender gap is then calculated using Oaxaca (International Economic Review 14: 693± 709, 1973) and Reimers' (Review of Economics and Statistics 65: 570 ± 579, 1983) methods. The results indicate that the unexplained part of the earnings differential is smaller than in other studies that did not correct for sample selection.
Interdisciplinary work encourages porosity in disciplinary boundaries and the osmosis of knowledge. However, it depends on a willingness of those working within and across disciplines to build bridges instead of erecting walls. One threat to its growth is that academics often refuse to acknowledge the problems of interdisciplinary scholarship. A series of interviews with lecturers and students (mostly from the Department of Geography at Durham) provide some of the data for this article, which discusses attempts to bridge gaps between the sciences and the social sciences, and between the social sciences and the arts. Key points of debate include the ideological split between human and physical geographers, polarisation of research groups, the generational shift in the conceptualisation of geography, and logistical and institutional obstructions to interdisciplinary scholarship. Furthermore, some benefits and disadvantages of conducting interdisciplinary research at doctoral level are explored. We conclude by scanning the proverbial crystal ball in an attempt to foresee what the fate of interdisciplinary studies may be.
This article discusses the perpetration of Orientalism in the arena of contemporary South Asian literature in English: no longer an Orientalism propagated by Occidentals, but ironically enough, by Orientals, albeit by diasporic Orientals. This process, which is here termed as Re-Orientalism, dominates and, to a significant extent, distorts the representation of the Orient, seizing voice and platform, and once again consigning the Oriental within the Orient to a position of ‘The Other’. The article begins by analysing and establishing the dominant positionality of diasporic South Asian women writers relative to their non-diasporic counterparts in the genre, particularly within the last half decade. It then identifies three problems with the techniques employed by some diasporic authors which have exacerbated the detrimental effects of Re-Orientalism; the pre-occupation with producing writing which is recognisably within the South Asian genre, the problem of generalisation and totalisation, and the insidious nature of ‘truth claims’.
The story of the storyWe may marvel at Scheherazade's ability to have conceived of 00 tales to tell to her sultan, but unbeknownst to ourselves, we are each of us Scheherazades, and easily exceed 00 tales in our telling. Like the Arabian queen of legend, we tell stories because whether consciously or otherwise, we all employ the power of narrative. Our daily lives are full of stories, that almost continuous internal narrative monologue which everyone maintains, sliding from memory to imaginative reworking of past events, to fantasising about the future, to day dreaming. Such internal story telling is…the mechanism we use to constantly scan the world around us, by which we give order to, and claim to find order in, the data of experience. (Hanne, 994, p. 8) . According to Michelle Berriedale-Johnson, "Of all the stories ever told, the magical tales of The Arabian Nights: Tales from a Thousand and One Nights must be among the best-known…. The tales use a literary device known as "framing" -telling a story within a story. The outmost frame is the story of Scheherazade and the supreme ruler, Shahryar. On discovering that his wife has been unfaithful, Shahryar decides to marry a new wife each day and kill her the following morning. When the supply of willing ladies runs short Scheherazade, the grand vizier's daughter, offers herself in marriage. On their wedding night Scheherazade's sister comes into their bedroom and asks her to tell them a story. The king is fascinated by Scheherazade's tale but dawn comes before it is done, so he postpones her execution until the following dawn when she has finished the story. The next night Scheherazade finishes the tale, but starts on another, and another…and so the nights go on, through all 00 tales. "Requests for further information should be directed to . We use the concept of materiality to understand the "real-ness" of life, a space that includes the physical realm but also extends beyond it, existing between the physical and the abstract domain of ideas or imagination. It is our argument that narrative needs to be understood as material in its function and social/political effects, rather than as an abstraction removed from everyday enactments of power.
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