Predators must consume enough prey to support costly events, such as reproduction. Meeting high energetic requirements is particularly challenging for migrating baleen whales as their feeding seasons are typically restricted to a limited temporal window and marine prey are notoriously patchy. We assessed the energetic value of the six most common nearshore zooplankton species collected within the Oregon, United States range of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding grounds, and compared these results to the energetic value of the predominant amphipod species fed on by Eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales in the Arctic. Energetic values of Oregon zooplankton differed significantly between species (Kruskal–Wallis χ2 = 123.38, df = 5, p < 0.0001), with Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) megalopae displaying the highest mean caloric content of all tested species (4.21 ± 1.27 kJ g– 1). This value, as well as the mean energetic value of the mysid Neomysis rayii (2.42 ± 1.06 kJ g– 1), are higher than the mean caloric content of Ampelisca macrocephala, the predominant Arctic amphipod. Extrapolations of these results to daily energetic requirements of gray whales indicate that lactating and pregnant gray whales feeding in the PCFG range would require between 0.7–1.03 and 0.22–0.33 metric tons of prey less per day if they fed on Dungeness crab megalopae or N. rayii, respectively, than a whale feeding on A. macrocephala in the Arctic. Yet, these results do not account for differences in availability of these prey species to foraging gray whales. We therefore suggest that other factors, such as prey density, energetic costs of feeding, or natal philopatry and foraging site fidelity play a role in the differences in population sizes between the PCFG and ENP gray whales. Climate change is implicated in causing reduced body condition and increased mortality of both PCFG and ENP gray whales due to decreased prey availability and abundance. Therefore, improved understanding of prey dynamics in response to environmental variability in both regions is critical.

To forage optimally, predators face complex decisions regarding target prey distribution, quantity, and quality. We paired theodolite tracking of gray whales Eschrichtius robustus in Port Orford, Oregon, USA, with concurrent sampling of their zooplankton prey to examine foraging decisions relative to prey quantity (abundance) and quality (caloric content). We tested the hypotheses that whales (1) feed more than search or transit in areas with high quantity and quality prey and (2) select foraging habitat dominated by the calorically rich mysid Neomysis rayii. Relative prey abundance was assessed through standardized image analysis of camera drops, and zooplankton prey community was determined from net tows. These data were spatially interpolated and modeled to generate daily layers of species-specific prey abundance and calories (20 m grid) for comparison to whale behavior derived from tracking data. Whales fed significantly more in areas with higher prey abundance and calories than where they searched and transited. Whales increased foraging effort as overall prey availability increased, yet foraging probability was significantly correlated with the quantity and quality of the mysid Holmesimysis sculpta, which has significantly lower calories than N. rayii. However, during the study period, the maximum abundance of N. rayii was 4 times lower than that of H. sculpta and never reached the quantity threshold determined by a logistic regression needed to support whale foraging behavior. Hence, gray whale prey selection involves trade-offs between prey quantity and quality to maximize energetic gain, and prey quality should be considered alongside abundance in ecological studies investigating predator decision-making.

In this study, behavioral plasticity in harbor seals was investigated in spatial reversal learning tasks of varying complexities. We started with a classic spatial reversal learning experiment with no more than one reversal per day. The seals quickly learned the task and showed progressive improvement over reversals, one seal even reaching one-trial performance. In a second approach, one seal could complete multiple reversals occurring within a session. Again, a number of reversals were finished with only one error occurring at the beginning of a session as in experiment 1 which provides evidence that the seal adopted a strategy. In a final approach, reversals within a session were marked by an external cue. This way, an errorless performance of the experimental animal was achieved in up to three consecutive reversals. In conclusion, harbor seals master spatial, in contrast to visual, reversal learning experiments with ease. The underlying behavioral flexibility can help to optimize behaviors in fluctuating or changing environments.

Giving students an opportunity to undertake field work, learn about data collection and analysis, and work and live as part of a team of diverse individuals is a unique experience that can influence and shape future careers and lives. Engagement of young science enthusiasts in a rural community is a key goal of the Journey for Aspiring Students Pursuing Ecological Research (JASPER) program run by Oregon State University's Marine Mammal Institute that focuses on gray whale foraging ecology research. This unique project integrates research with STEM education by bringing together a team of graduate students, undergraduate students, and high school students for a six-week intensive field season each year where students conduct research, hone teamwork and leadership skills, and build their STEM identity. Over the course of this internship, students learn how to use diverse technology to collect data, engage with the local community, and gain an understanding of marine ecology and the scientific process. Additionally, interns develop science communication skills in both formal and informal settings, including a community presentation and a blog post. Over seven years, JASPER has given 25 students a chance to interact with scientists and to be a real scientist for a short while. We have been able to track 88% of these students; all are in STEM-related fields and reported that this program profoundly impacted their lives and careers. Whether or not students continue STEM career paths, the experience broadens their horizons and skill sets, and helps engage the local community in current marine research.

A method is described to automate the design of foam packaging cushions to ensure that the packaged product does not fail when subjected to dropping. This methodology includes CAD instructions to automatically create packaging shapes and an iterative search for optimal cushion thickness using Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) simulations. The FEA is correlated to real drop-test data and the foam material is modeled in its interaction with the product. While the entire process takes over 2 hours, the result can save engineers significant time to find packaging solutions and can produce solutions that are smaller than conventionally over-designed packaging solutions. The paper presents the detailed steps of the methodology and shows results for two example products.