The objective of this study was to assess the genetic variability of the detailed fatty acid (FA) profiles of Danish Holstein (DH) and Danish Jersey (DJ) cattle populations. We estimated genetic parameters for 11 FA or groups of FA in milk samples from the Danish milk control system between May 2015 and October 2016. Concentrations of different FA and FA groups in milk samples were measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Data used for parameter estimation were from 132,732 first-parity DH cows and 21,966 first-parity DJ cows. We found the highest heritabilities for test day measurements in both populations for short-chain FA (DH = 0.16; DJ = 0.16) and C16:0 (DH = 0.14; DJ = 0.16). In DH, the highest heritabilities were also found for saturated FA and monounsaturated FA (both populations: 0.15). Genetic correlations between the fatty acid traits showed large differences between DH and DJ for especially short-chain FA with the other FA traits measured. Furthermore, genetic correlations of total fat with monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, short-chain FA, and C16:0 differed markedly between DH and DJ populations. In conclusion, we found genetic variation in the mid-infrared spectroscopy-predicted FA and FA groups of the DH and DJ cattle populations. This finding opens the possibility of using genetic selection to change the FA profiles of dairy cattle.

We investigate emergency department (ED) directors' knowledge of protocols and practices for nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) after potential exposure to HIV after sexual assault and consensual sexual exposures in New York State (NYS) EDs. Every ED director in NYS was queried through an electronic survey about protocols, antiretroviral drugs supplied, resources and barriers to implementation. They were also asked for retrospective data, including the number and type of cases seen and percentage in which nPEP was initiated. One hundred eighty-eight of 207 ED directors (91%) responded. One hundred seventy-eight (95%) have a protocol for sexual assault and 111 (59%) have a protocol for voluntary sexual exposure. After sexual assault, 163 ED directors (87%) reported that they typically initiate nPEP in the ED; 25 (13%) either write a prescription only or refer to another facility. After voluntary sexual exposure 132 (70%) typically initiate nPEP in the ED; 55 (29%) either write a prescription only or refer to another facility (p < 0.001). Self-reported ED data indicate that 3439 sexual assault exposures and 6858 voluntary sexual exposures and were seen in NYS EDs in 2005. The nPEP initiation rate was 65% (2244/3439) for sexual assault exposures and 43% (2931/6858) for consensual sexual exposures (p < 0.001). These results suggest that NYS nPEP guidelines are not widely implemented, and raise several important public health policy issues, including access to medication and follow-up care. Our results indicated resources, primarily number of dedicated staff, and physician education as two major factors contributing to this problem.

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