In response to calls for research to improve human-machine teaming (HMT), we present a “perspective” paper that explores techniques from computer science that can enhance machine agents for human-machine teams. As part of this paper, we (1) summarize the state of the science on critical team competencies identified for effective HMT, (2) discuss technological gaps preventing machines from fully realizing these competencies, and (3) identify ways that emerging artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities may address these gaps and enhance performance in HMT. We extend beyond extant literature by incorporating recent technologies and techniques and describing their potential for contributing to the advancement of HMT.
Scholars in multiple cross-disciplinary studies have found rates of mental illness among graduate students exceed the reported averages. Yet mental illness among management doctoral students remains largely unexplored. In this study, we surveyed 113 management doctoral students to ascertain the prevalence of symptoms for two common mental illnesses, depression and anxiety, as well as experiences of impostor syndrome and perceived sources of social support. Empirical findings from the first phase of our research suggest that management doctoral students are at greater risk than the general population of experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and feelings of being an impostor. However, social support from a supervisor and from friends was negatively related to symptoms of depression and anxiety, indicating that these sources can be helpful. In phase two of our research, a thematic analysis of data from structured interviews with nine management doctoral students revealed themes linking impostor syndrome with social support, highlighting that the type of social support may be as beneficial as the source of social support. Recommendations for future research, as well as for students, supervisors, and administrators, are provided.
According to the transactional theory of stress, cognitive individual differences impact stressor appraisal. Sense of Coherence (SoC) refers to an individual's generalized perception of environmental stimuli. Individuals with a strong SoC perceive the world as more comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful and may be more likely to appraise work-related stressors as having potential for opportunities (challenges) than for obstructing personal gain (hindrances) or causing harm (threats). This study assessed the role of SoC in the appraisal of work-related stressors as challenges, hindrances, and threats. Although an individual's SoC remains relatively stable upon reaching adulthood, there is a positive association between age and SoC across the lifespan. This study examined the moderating effect of age on the relationship between SoC and stressor appraisal. Two statistical techniques were applied, with one set of results supporting the hypothesis and the other set revealing significant relationships between stressor appraisal tendencies and the three SoC subdimensions. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would especially like to thank my parents for their endless love and support throughout my academic career, and I want to thank my family and friends for their help and generosity. I would also like to thank my thesis chair, Dr. Chris Cunningham, for his constant guidance, encouragement, and dedication in helping me with this project. Thank you to Dr. Amanda Clark for her mentorship and to my committee members, Dr. Brian O'Leary and Dr. David Ferrier, for generously sharing their knowledge and offering advice throughout the process. I would like to thank all those who have contributed to this area of research and to those who are dedicated to improving occupational health and well-being. Finally, I am grateful to each of my amazing classmates, who have inspired and supported me along this journey. vi
The authors examined the hypothesized relationship among counselor androgyny, counselor flexibility, and the establishment of client‐rated working alliances. In Study 1, 41 counseling students completed the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1981a) and the Counselor Behavior Analysis Inventory (Gabbard, Howard, & Dunfee, 1986). Contrary to the hypothesis, there was no relationship between androgyny and counseling flexibility. In Study 2, 42 counseling students completed the BSRI and videotaped counseling sessions with a recruited client. Analyses revealed a significant relationship between counselor flexibility and client ratings of working alliance, but no relationship between counselor androgyny and counselor flexibility. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
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