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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine theoretically and empirically what type of leadership facilitates e-business adoption in large manufacturing firms. The digital transformation of firms requires leadership that can promote the adaptive quality of organizational culture. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an empirical study using two key informants from a sample of 181 incumbent firms. Findings The authors find significant evidence that adaptive culture is the vehicle by which transformational leaders positively influence e-business adoption. Originality/value Given the digital economy’s external pressures, many e-business adoption processes fail due to organizational factors originating in leadership and its capability to change followers’ values, norms, and motivations. To solve this problem, the authors propose a model that explains how transformational leadership first plays a key role in changing characteristics of culture and then facilitates e-business adoption.

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In recent years, firms’ sustainable management has been considered a key factor in the achievement of profits, but few studies analyze the antecedents and effects of eco-innovation. Our study proposes a model to analyze the factors that affect eco-innovation, as well as eco-innovation’s effects on dynamic ambidexterity. To pursue this goal, we developed a research model with panel data from 449 firms over five years from the telecom industry and tested the model using structural equations and partial least squares (PLS). Our results demonstrate the influence of R&D expenditure on eco-innovation. They show a slightly ordered sequence of exploration and exploitation results, indicating that some equilibrium between the two orientations is necessary. The study thus shows that eco-innovation facilitates ambidexterity in that exploration and exploitation alternate dynamically in the search for economic profit.

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Examining the knowledge transfer process in sustainable contexts, we identified various gaps, which we analyzed in this study. First, we compare the temporal context of firms with eco-innovation strategies before and after the financial crisis of the first decade of the 21st century. Second, we analyze the firms’ knowledge transfer, from the use of knowledge sources to innovation through intellectual property. Third, we consider the influence of firm age on firms with eco-innovation goals and the influence of size on intellectual property. We used data from a sample of 3004 firms prepared by the Spanish National Statistics Institute for two different time periods: 2009 and 2014. Our results suggest that firms that achieve sustainable innovations do not show large differences in behavior in the two economic periods. We found that knowledge in firms with eco-innovation goals is transferred through intellectual property. The results show that firm age and size influence these processes during the years analyzed and thus have various implications for theory and for small firms, which are generally family firms. Small and family firms should strengthen their registration of intellectual property so that their knowledge transfer process ends in innovations for both the firm and the market.

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