During the evolution, plants acquired the ability to synthesize different phenylpropanoid compounds like chlorogenic acid (CGA), which plays vital roles in resistance mechanisms to abiotic stresses. These environmental factors, including heavy metal, cold, heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, drought, and salinity affect the plant physiological processes, resulting in massive losses of agriculture production. As plants evolve from green algae to bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, phenylpropanoids are produced and accumulated in different tissues, giving the plant the capacity to counteract the harmful effects of the adverse environments. Studies have been performed on the metabolic evolution of rosmarinic acid, flavonoids and lignin, showing that the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids begins in green algae until the emersion of genes found in angiosperms; however, the evolution of the CGA pathway has not yet been reviewed. We hypothesize that CGA could also be synthesized from algae to angiosperms. In the present review, the evolutionary analysis of CGA pathway and the function of this compound in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses are summarized. Bioinformatics analyzes were carried out on CGA-related genes across 37 plant species and revealed that the metabolic pathway starts in algae and gradually increases until it becomes complete in angiosperms. The key genes exhibited different expression patterns in stress and plant tissues. Interestingly, some genes accumulated rapidly during evolution and were more sensitive to environmental stresses, while others appeared only later in angiosperms. Further studies are needed to better understand the evolution of the CGA metabolic pathway in plants under environmentally stressed conditions.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are proteins synthesized in plants and responsible for their tolerance to environmental stresses. However, little information is available on the GST gene family of sweet potato, a globally important crop. The genetic evolution of GSTs in sweet potato remains unclear. The present study investigated the GST gene family in sweet potato by transcriptomic and comparative genomic analyses. A total of 51 GSTs were identified. Gene expression analysis showed differential expression patterns of the GSTs between two investigated varieties. Some GST expression levels were either up-or downregulated under oxidative, salinity and drought stresses. The results of the investigation provided new insights on the GST gene family in sweet potato, which may further the understanding of the roles of these genes in regulating abiotic stresses.

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Objectives: Glioma is one of the most aggressive brain tumours with poor overall survival despite advanced technology in surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation.Progression and recurrence are the hinge causes of low survival. Our aim is to explain the concrete mechanism in the proliferation and progression of tumours based on tumour microenvironment (TME). The main purpose is to illustrate the mechanism of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in affecting acidity, hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and autophagy based on the TME to induce apoptosis and enhance the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy.Findings: TME is the main medium for tumour growth and progression. Acidity, hypoxia, inflammatory response, autophagy, angiogenesis and so on are the main causes of tumour progress. PPIs, as a common clinical drug to inhibit gastric acid secretion, have the advantages of fast onset, long action time and small adverse reactions.Nowadays, several kinds of literature highlight the potential of PPIs in inhibiting tumour progression. However, long-term use of PPIs alone also has obvious side effects. Therefore, till now, how to apply PPIs to promote the effect of radiochemotherapy and find the concrete dose and concentration of combined use are novel challenges.Conclusions: PPIs display the potential in enhancing the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy to defend against glioma based on TME. In the clinic, it is also necessary to explore specific concentrations and dosages in synthetic applications. | BACKGROUNDGlioma is one of the most aggressive brain tumours. Histologically, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) into astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and ependymoma. In addition, gliomas are classified into four grades according to the degree of malignancy. Types I and II are low-grade gliomas and types III and IV are high-grade gliomas. [1][2][3] The clinical cure rate and 5-year survival rate of patients are all very low. The prognosis is very dismal and the average survival period is only about 1 year. One of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of patients is that glioma is prone to drug resistance to chemoradiation therapy resistance. 4,5 Therefore, it is urgent to explore new strategies for glioma treatment.Pump proton inhibitors (PPIs) are a drug of choice for inhibiting gastric acid secretion. In clinical, they are the first-line option to treat peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, zoai syndrome and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 6,7 It has become the first-line drug for abnormal gastric acid secretion and related diseases combined with amoxicillin, clarithromycin and other drugs to treat Helicobacter pylori infection. 8,9 PPIs have the advantages of fast onset, strong acid inhibition, long action time, low blood drug concentration and low

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