It is known that the physico-chemical characteristics of fibre modify their fermentation characteristics in the colon. Previously we showed the varying effects of inulin and different types of fibre on the hepatic and intestinal xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in initially germ-free rats inoculated with a human, methanogenic, whole-faecal flora (Roland et al. 1994). The aim of the present work was to assess whether or not these effects could be related to differences in production of fermentation metabolites (gases excreted in vivo and caecal metabolites) due to the different compositions of fibre. The different types of fibres were analysed with regard to their solubility and their composition of neutral monomers and uronic acids. Inulin was totally soluble, carrot (Daucus cauota), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and wheat bran were partially soluble; pea (Pisum sativum) and oat were nearly totally insoluble. Uronic acids were found mostly in carrot and cocoa fibre. Glucose was present as the main neutral monomer in each fibre type. Xylose was found also in wheat bran, pea and oat fibres, and arabinose was found in wheat bran. Inulin consumption led to high levels of H2 production but no CH, production, to a 4-fold greater caecal concentration of butyrate than with the other fibres and to a decrease in caecal pH. Conversely, rats fed on carrot or cocoa fibre produced a large amount of CH, but no H, and generated a different profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The lowest amounts of gases and SCFA were found in rats fed on wheat bran, pea and oat fibre. We observed a relationship between the caecal concentration of SCFA and the activity of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) but no direct link was shown between the other XME and the fermentation profile.

Gnotohiotic growing rats harbouring either a whole human faecal flora or single human strains of Escherichia coli (EMO) or Bactevoides vulgatus (BVSHl) were fed for 7 weeks on semi-synthetic diets in which the protein source was either soya-bean meal (SM) or rape-seed meal (RM). For each bacterial status the RM-diet group was compared with the control group fed on the S M diet. The association of human faecal flora with the R M diet was responsible for reduced feed intake and reduced weight gain, an enlargement of the liver and thyroid and a decrease in both thyroxine and triiodothyronine plasma levels. The association of the B. vufgatus BVIHl strain with the R M diet reproduced all these effects, except that triiodothyronine plasma levels were not significantly modified. Rats inoculated with the E. coli EM0 strain and fed on the R M diet exhibited a goitre and lowered thyroxine and triiodothyronine plasma levels. These results show that the human intestinal microflora may he involved in glucosinolate metabolism when cruciferous Vegetables are consumed by man. The specificity of the symptoms observed according to the rat bacterial status supports the hypothesis that bacteria yield specific toxic glucosinolate derivatives according to their enzymic potential.

Twenty-three intestinal lactobacillus strains of various origins (human, swine, chicken, rats)

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* Corresponding author. Cruciferae Brassica oleracea L. gongylodes group capitata group sabauda group gemmifera group italica group botrytis group var. caulifora DC. var. cymosa Lam. var. millecapitata (Lev) Thell. var. medullosa Thell. var. selensia var. sabellica acephala group Brassica alboglabra Bailey Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. Brassica chinensis L. Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk. ssp. oleijera (Metzg.) Sinsk. var. napobrassica (L.) Peterm var. napus Brassica napus L. or ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.

This work was based on a comparison between rats and chickens with different bacteriological status and fed rapeseed meal diets (DARMOR 00,39.0 %and 32.8 %, respectively).Results obtained with conventional us axenic animals show that the rat intestinal microflora is responsible for the dramatic growth depression and for the slight hypertrophy of glucosinolate target organs (thyroid, liver, kidneys). Only a strong goitrogenic effect is seen with young conventional birds.Chimera animal models (axenic animals inoculated with the whole faecal flora of another animal species) prove that the nature of the recipient host (rat) does not influence the expression of chicken intestinal microjlora in our experimental conditions. The rat whole faecal flora does not interfire with chicken growth rate, and thyroid hypertrophy is very moderate compared with conventional birds.Finally, of the two molecules responsible for the goitrogenicity, one is destroyed by the feed irradiation required for axenic experiments.

1. Glucosinolate-rich diet (RM) in growing rats increased liver (a), kidneys (b), and thyroid (c) weights and depleted feed intake (d), growth curve (e) and T4 and T3 plasma levels (f). 2. Oral administration of phenobarbital enhanced the toxic effect of RM on (b), (d) and (e) and did not modify the toxic effect of RM on (a), (c) and (f). 3. RM had a depleting effect on hepatic microsomal P-450 specific activity. 4. RM had an enhancing effect on hepatic glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase specific activities. 5. These results indicate that some glucosinolate derivatives released by gut microflora metabolism are further metabolized by the hepatic detoxification system, and that they could play the role of co-toxic or co-detoxic molecules.