Excessive intake of vitamin A is postulated to have a detrimental effect on bone by inducing osteoporosis. This may lead to an increased risk of fracture, particularly in persons who are already at risk of osteoporosis. However, few studies have specifically examined the association of vitamin A intake through diet and supplement use, with fractures in a cohort of older, community-dwelling women. We prospectively followed a cohort of 34,703 postmenopausal women from the Iowa Women's Health Study to determine if high levels of vitamin A and retinol intake through food and supplement use were associated with an increased risk of hip or all fractures. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain the participants' baseline vitamin A and retinol intake. Participants were followed for a mean duration of 9.5 years for incident self-reported hip and nonhip fractures. After multivariate adjustment, it was revealed that users of supplements containing vitamin A had a 1.18-fold increased risk of incident hip fracture (n = 525) compared with nonusers (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.41), but there was no evidence of an increased risk of all fractures (n = 6,502) among supplement users. There was also no evidence of a dose-response relationship in hip fracture risk with increasing amounts of vitamin A or retinol from supplements. Furthermore, our results showed no association between vitamin A or retinol intake from food and supplements, or food only, and the risk of hip or all fractures. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an increased risk of hip or all fractures with higher intakes of vitamin A or retinol among a cohort of older, postmenopausal women.
for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study GroupBackground: Older adults commonly use loop diuretics, which can increase urinary calcium excretion, leading to potential bone loss. Studies examining the association between loop diuretics and bone mineral density (BMD) are lacking, particularly those involving men.Methods: In this cohort study, we ascertained medication use (interviewer-administered questionnaire verified with inspection of medication containers) and measured the BMD of the total hip and 2 subregions (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) at baseline and at a second visit an average of 4.6 years later among 3269 men aged 65 years and older.Results: Eighty-four men were categorized as continuous users of loop diuretics, 181 as intermittent users of loop diuretics, and 3004 men as nonusers of loop diuretics. After adjustment for age, baseline BMD, body mass index, weight change from baseline, physical activity, clinic site, perceived health status, cigarette smoking status, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and statin use, the average annual rate of decline in total hip BMD steadily increased from -0.33% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.36% to −0.31%) for nonusers, to −0.58% (95% CI, −0.69% to −0.47%) for intermittent users, and to −0.78% (95% CI, −0.96% to −0.60%) for continuous users. Findings were similar for change in BMD at the femoral neck and trochanter. Conclusions:We conclude that loop diuretic use in older men is associated with increased rates of hip bone loss. These results suggest that the potential for bone loss should be considered when loop diuretics are prescribed to older patients in clinical practice.
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