Background The study was conducted to estimate the relative cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States from a payer’s perspective. Methods A Markov model was constructed to simulate costs for 16 contraceptive methods and no method over a 5-year period. Failure rates, adverse event rates, and resource utilization were derived from the literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed on costs and failure rates. Results Any contraceptive method is superior to “no method”. The three least expensive methods were the copper-T IUD ($647), vasectomy ($713) and LNG-20 IUS ($930). Results were sensitive to the cost of contraceptive methods, the cost of an unintended pregnancy, and plan disenrollment rates. Conclusion The copper-T IUD, vasectomy, and the LNG-20 IUS are the most cost-effective contraceptive methods available in the United States. Differences in method costs, the cost of an unintended pregnancy, and time horizon are influential factors that determine the overall value of a contraceptive method.

Background Studies indicate adherence to biologics among patients with psoriasis is low, yet little is known about their use in the Medicare population. Objective We sought to investigate real-world utilization patterns in a national sample of Medicare beneficiaries with psoriasis initiating infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, or ustekinumab. Methods We conducted a retrospective claims analysis using 2009 through 2012 100% Medicare Chronic Condition Data Warehouse Part A, B, and D files, with 12-month follow-up after index prescription. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to examine rates of and factors associated with biologic adherence, discontinuation, switching, and restarting. Results We examined 2707 patients initiating adalimumab (40.0%), etanercept (37.9%), infliximab (11.7%), and ustekinumab (10.3%); during 12-month follow-up, 38% were adherent and 46% discontinued treatment, with 8% switching to another biologic and 9% later restarting biologic treatment. Being female and being ineligible for low-income subsidies were associated with increased odds of decreased adherence. Outcomes varied by index biologic. Limitations Patient-reported reasons for nonadherence or gaps in treatment are unavailable in claims data. Conclusion Medicare patients initiating biologics for psoriasis had low adherence and high discontinuation rates. Further investigation into reasons for inconsistent utilization, including exploration of patient and provider decision-making and barriers to more consistent treatment, is needed.

A single dose of pegfilgrastim performed better than a median of 10-14 days of filgrastim in reducing FN rates for patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy.

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Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disorder, primarily of the skin. Despite an aging population, knowledge of the epidemiology of psoriasis and its treatments among the elderly is limited. We examined the prevalence of psoriasis and its treatments, with a focus on biologics and identification of factors associated with biologic use, using a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries in 2011. Based on several psoriasis identification algorithms, the claims-based prevalence for psoriasis in the United States ranged from 0.51% to 1.23%. Treatments employed for moderate to severe psoriasis (phototherapy, oral systemic, or biologic therapies) were received by 27.3% of the total psoriasis sample, of whom 37.2% used biologics. Patients without Medicare Part D low-income subsidies had 70% lower odds of having received biologics than those with low-income subsidies (odds ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.19– 0.46). Similarly, the odds of having received biologics was 69% lower among black patients than white patients (0.31; 0.16–0.60). This analysis identified potential financial and racial barriers to receipt of biologic therapies and underscores the need for additional studies to further define the epidemiology and treatment of psoriasis among the elderly.