In recent years, ozone pollution has been increasing in some parts of the world. In this study, we used the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan (BJ-TJ-TS) urban agglomeration region as a case study and used satellite remotely sensed inversion data and hourly ground monitoring observations of surface ozone concentrations, meteorological data, and other factors from 2016 to 2019 to explore the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of surface ozone concentration and its pollution levels. We also investigated their coupling relationships with meteorological factors, including temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind velocity, and sunshine duration, in order to support the development of effective control measures for regional ozone pollution. The results revealed that the surface ozone concentration throughout the BJ-TJ-TS region from 2016 to 2019 exhibited an overall pattern of high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast, as well as an obvious difference between built-up and non-built-up areas (especially in Beijing). Meanwhile, a notable increasing trend of ozone levels was discovered in the BJ and TJ areas from 2016 to 2019, whereas this upward trend was not evident in the TS area. In all three areas, the highest monthly average ozone values occurred in the summer month of June, while the lowest monthly average levels occurred in the winter month of December. Their diurnal variation values reached a maximum value at approximately 3:00–4:00 p.m. and a minimum value at approximately 7:00 a.m. It is clear that high temperature, long sunshine duration, low atmospheric pressure, and weak wind velocity conditions, as well as certain relative humidity levels, readily led to high-concentration ozone pollution. Meanwhile, the daily average values of the five meteorological factors on days with Grade I and Grade II ozone pollution displayed different characteristics.
Hainan Island in southern China has strong ecological systems and natural resources relevant to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The island has been focusing on economic development and building a national park and a free trade port to improve the economy and people’s lives. However, current research on Hainan’s SDGs has mainly focused on urban-related indicators (SDG11), resulting in an incomplete evaluation across SDGs. It is necessary to establish a comprehensive assessment framework that incorporates a greater number of indicators for Sustainable Development Goals in Hainan. Based on the United Nations Sustainable Development Assessment System and the current situation in Hainan, a localized study has been conducted on indicators for Sustainable Development Goals 1–4 and 6–11. Our analysis of target scores, SDG scores, and SDG index scores shows the following: (1) The sustainable development of Hainan Island has significantly improved since 2015, with SDGs 1, 3, and 10 showing the largest improvement; (2) most cities and counties have increased their SDG index scores, with Sanya City replacing Haikou City as the top scorer in 2021; and (3) the sustainable development levels are unevenly distributed, with high levels in the north and south, stable levels in the east, and low levels in the central and western regions. Policies, such as the “Haicheng Wending” comprehensive economic circle, are promoting integration between cities and counties. The study provides a localized evaluation framework and methodology for SDGs assessment at the regional level that can serve as a reference for similar work on sustainable development in similar regions and tropical islands worldwide.
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