a b s t r a c tThe increasing interest and development in the field of in situ techniques have now reached a level where the idea of performing measurements under near realistic conditions has become feasible for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while maintaining high spatial resolution.In this paper, some of the opportunities that the environmental TEM (ETEM) offers when combined with other in situ techniques will be explored, directly in the microscope, by combining electron-based and photon-based techniques and phenomena. In addition, application of adjacent setups using sophisticated transfer methods for transferring the specimen between specialized in situ equipment without compromising the concept of in situ measurements will be exploited. The opportunities and techniques are illustrated by studies of materials systems of Au/MgO and Cu 2 O in different gaseous environments.

Silica‐supported, bimetallic Cu–Ni nanomaterials were prepared with different ratios of Cu to Ni by incipient wetness impregnation without a specific calcination step before reduction. Different in situ characterization techniques, in particular transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), were applied to follow the reduction and alloying process of Cu–Ni nanoparticles on silica. In situ reduction of Cu–Ni samples with structural characterization by combined synchrotron XRD and XAS reveals a strong interaction between Cu and Ni species, which results in improved reducibility of the Ni species compared with monometallic Ni. At high Ni concentrations silica‐supported Cu–Ni alloys form a homogeneous solid solution of Cu and Ni, whereas at lower Ni contents Cu and Ni are partly segregated and form metallic Cu and Cu–Ni alloy phases. Under the same reduction conditions, the particle sizes of reduced Cu–Ni alloys decrease with increasing Ni content. Estimates of the metal surface area from sulfur chemisorption and from the XRD particle size generally agree well on the trend across the composition range, but show some disparity in terms of the absolute magnitude of the metal area. This work provides practical synthesis guidelines towards preparation of Cu–Ni alloy nanomaterials with different Cu/Ni ratios, and insight into the application of different in situ techniques for characterization of the alloy formation.

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The salt was dried to constant weight at 110 °C. In the calculation of the loading it is assumed that this treatment has removed all water.

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Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) studies MgO nanorod growth from Au catalyst nanoparticles in a controlled gas atmosphere have been performed, in order to elucidate the mobility of Au surface atoms and the configuration of the Au/MgO interface. MgO nanorod growth is driven by the electron beam and found to be strongly dependent on the gaseous environment in the microscope and electron beam current density.

Metallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized in situ in an environmental transmission electron microscope. Atomic level characterization of the formed alloy NPs is carried out at synthesis conditions by use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

PurposeFrozen shoulder is characterized by pain and reduced passive movement capability, and the diagnose is made clinically. However, pain is the major symptom in the first stage before stiffness occurs, and the condition can be mistaken for subacromial impingement. This study explored the possibility to use positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with a 18F Flour‐Deoxy‐Glucose (FDG) tracer in the diagnostic process. MethodsEleven patients with frozen shoulder and 9 patients with subacromial impingement received a 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan before being treated surgically. During arthroscopy, the diagnoses were confirmed. Images were blindly analyzed visually by two nuclear medicine physicians. Also, semi‐quantified analysis applying a set of standard regions was performed, and standard uptake value in both shoulder regions was recorded. ResultsBoth the visual description of the pictures and the semi‐quantified analysis generally showed increased FDG uptake in the affected shoulder regions of patients that had frozen shoulder and no uptake in patients with subacromial impingement. Kappa for interobserver agreement in the visual assessments was 0.74. Sensitivity was 92% and specificity 93% of the visual assessment, 77% and 93%, respectively, of the semi‐quantified analyses, and by combining the two types of analyses sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 93% for the distinction between frozen shoulders and subacromial impingement/unaffected shoulders. Conclusion18F‐FDG PET/CT seems to be a valid method to diagnose frozen shoulder. This is clinically relevant in diagnostically challenging cases, for instance in the first phase of frozen shoulder, which can be difficult to distinguish from subacromial impingement. Level of evidenceII.