The availability of nitrogen affects primary productivity in aquatic environments (McCarthy et al., 2016;Shiozaki et al., 2018). However, excessive nitrogen loading induced by human activities has increased the frequency and duration of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in lake systems (Paerl & Barnard, 2020;Sinha et al., 2017;Wagner et al., 2021). Eutrophication, particularly an increase in the nitrogen load, promotes the proliferation of non-nitrogen-fixing toxic algae (e.g., Microcystis) by replacing the algae in the nitrogen-fixing niche (Deng et al., 2020). Cyanobacterial blooms cause serious water quality problems (Huisman et al., 2018;Paerl & Otten, 2013), such as oxygen depletion and the death of aquatic organisms caused by the degradation of senescent blooms (Rabalais et al., 2010). More importantly, the proliferation of toxic cyanobacteria significantly raises the cyanotoxins exposure risk to humans (Carmichael, 2001;Merel et al., 2013). Improving the water quality of lakes is of great significance to protect water resources.
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