Advanced automatic pronunciation error detection (APED) algorithms are usually based on state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) techniques. With the development of deep learning technology, end-to-end ASR technology has gradually matured and achieved positive practical results, which provides us with a new opportunity to update the APED algorithm. We first constructed an end-to-end ASR system based on the hybrid connectionist temporal classification and attention (CTC/attention) architecture. An adaptive parameter was used to enhance the complementarity of the connectionist temporal classification (CTC) model and the attention-based seq2seq model, further improving the performance of the ASR system. After this, the improved ASR system was used in the APED task of Mandarin, and good results were obtained. This new APED method makes force alignment and segmentation unnecessary, and it does not require multiple complex models, such as an acoustic model or a language model. It is convenient and straightforward, and will be a suitable general solution for L1-independent computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT). Furthermore, we find that in regards to accuracy metrics, our proposed system based on the improved hybrid CTC/attention architecture is close to the state-of-the-art ASR system based on the deep neural network–deep neural network (DNN–DNN) architecture, and has a stronger effect on the F-measure metrics, which are especially suitable for the requirements of the APED task.
The judgment of facade styles is an important part of the sustainable utilization and restorative process of historical architectures. Contemporary Harbin needs the help of modern architectural facade forms in the planning of the famous historic city, especially with the facade renovation of old architectures with non-cultural heritage. This paper discusses the possibility of applying advanced image recognition algorithms to the classification of the modern Harbin architectural facade styles and argues that the keys to the classification and positioning of the styles are the forms, the details, and the decorative patterns of the architectural facades, together with the deformation and the quantitative variation factors of the facade decoration symbols. Based on the conventional classification method, the facade styles of Harbin modern architecture were divided into 12 categories after data analysis. To better capture the overall structure information and the style features of the local components in the architectural images, the group convolution and the dilated convolution were added into the ResNet model, and then, the improved channel attention mechanism was introduced to construct a novel CA-MSResNet model. The CA-MSResNet model could more accurately identify the morphological elements and the style categories of the architectures, and the average accuracy reached 87.5%. These techniques, with their promising results, are expected to be further applied in the future research on the sustainable utilization and renovation of Harbin modern architecture.
Contemporary Japanese architecture has achieved great success and has been widely accepted by the whole architectural field. What is the driving force for the contemporary Japanese architectural creation is worth of thinking carefully about. In this study, some famous Japanese architects, including Toyo Ito, Tadao Ando, Arata Isozaki, Kengo Kuma, Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa and their architectural studiess are analyzed and studied from the angle of nationality. These architects keep up with the step of the world architecture and always pursuit the aesthetical taste of nationality. They proposed some special architectural theories that profoundly reflect the nationality of Japanese and make great influence on the architectural forms, architectural space and architectural aesthetics of Contemporary Japanese architecture. In the architectural form, they pursuit the simplicity, pureness, lightness and finesses; in the architectural space and behavior, they pursuit the shadow of the ma space and nature existence; in the architectural aesthetics, they pursuit the beauty of animism, dreariness and substance sadness. Through conjoint analysis of the architectural examples and the theory of nationality, this study proposed that the contemporary Japanese architectural creation is directly derived from the profound traditional culture and firm nationality and nationality is the cornerstone of the Japanese architecture and always promotes the progress of the Japanese architecture.
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