Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important public health problem in neurology, which is not only associated with high mortality but also leading to disability. Yet no satisfactory treatment has been developed. The secondary injury that resulted from a number of self-destructive processes such as neuroinflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress, is the key factor contributing to ICH-induced brain damage. Baicalein has been proved to improve neuronal functional recovery in rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage and ischemic brain damage. To investigate the effect of baicalein on ICH and its underlying mechanism, a collagenase-induced ICH rat model was performed. Baicalein treatment significantly decreased neurological severity score at day 1 and 3 after ICH injury. Our results showed that the lesion volume, the brain water content, the expression levels of four pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-6 and TNF-α) and the numbers of apoptotic cells were reduced significantly in ICH rats receiving baicalein treatment, especially in 50 mg/kg baicalein-treated group. Moreover, baicalein increased SOD and GSH-Px activities and down-regulated MDA level of brain tissues in rats. These results suggested that the therapeutic efficacy of baicalein on repairing brain damage is probably caused by suppressing apoptosis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Baicalein could be developed into a novel drug for clinical treatment of ICH and ICH-related brain injuries.
Background and Purpose To investigate the longitudinal alterations of cortical structural‐functional coupling (SF coupling) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) over a 2‐year follow‐up, thereby exploring the neuropathophysiological mechanisms of TLE. Methods Twenty‐eight TLE patients and 42 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. We used resting‐state functional MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging to estimate and compare SF coupling at the multiscale network level (whole‐brain, modular, and regional levels). Then, we analyzed the relationships between the spatial patterns of SF coupling, the principal functional connectivity (FC) gradient, and the functional participation coefficient (PC). Finally, we related regional SF coupling changes between baseline and follow‐up to the expression of regional TLE‐specific genes. Results Compared with HCs, TLE patients showed higher baseline SF couplings within the whole‐brain, limbic, and default‐mode modules. SF couplings within visual and dorsal attention modules were increased at follow‐up compared to baseline. In all three groups, the spatial patterns of SF coupling aligned with the principal FC gradient and the functional PC. The longitudinal change in regional SF coupling in TLE patients was significantly positively correlated with the expression of the CUX2 gene. Conclusions Aberrant SF coupling was revealed in TLE and related to macroscale cortical hierarchies, functional segregation, and TLE‐specific gene expression; these data help increase our understanding of the neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying TLE.
ObjectiveTo investigate the changes in the cerebellar-cerebral language network in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients from the cerebellar perspective, the research analyzes the changes of language and cognitive network in terms of functional connectivity (FC), as well as their efficiency of the reorganization were evaluated basing on relationship between the network metrics and neuropsychological scale scores.Methods30 TLE patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Brain activity was evaluated by voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity analysis (VMHC). Two groups were analyzed and compared in terms of language FC using the following methods: Seed-to-Voxel analysis, pairwise correlations [region of interest(ROI)-to-ROI] and graph theory. Correlation analysis was performed between network properties and neuropsychological score.ResultsCompared with healthy participants, VMHC values in the Cerebellum Anterior Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Frontal_Sup_R/L, Cingulum_Ant_R/L, and Cingulum_Mid_R/L were decreased in TLE patients. Decreased FC was observed from the Cerebelum_10_R to the left inferior frontal gyrus, from the Cerebelum_6_R to the left Lingual Gyrus, from the Cerebelum_4_5_R to left Lingual Gyrus, left Cuneal Cortex and Precuneous Cortex, from the Cerebelum_3_R to Brain-Stem, and from the Cerebelum_Crus1_L to Cerebelum_6_R in TLE patients. The FC was enhanced between bilateral Cingulum_Mid and angular gyrus and frontoparietal insular cranium, between Frontal_Sup_Med L and left/right superior temporal gyrus (pSTG l/r), while it was decreased between left middle temporal gyrus and pSTG l/r. Compared with controls, the Betweenness Centrality (BC) of the right superior marginal gyrus (SMG), Temporal_Pole_Mid_R and Temporal_Mid_L as well as the Degree Centrality (DC) and Nodal Efficiency (NE) of the right SMG were lower in TLE patients. Further analysis showed that decreased VMHC in bilateral Cerebellum Anterior Lobe was positively correlated with the Boston Naming Test score in TLE patients, but it was negatively correlated with the Verbal Fluency Test score. The NE and DC of SMG_R were both negatively correlated with visual perception score in Montreal Cognitive Assessment.ConclusionOur results suggest that presence of abnormalities in the static functional connectivity and the language and cognitive network of TLE patients. Cerebellum potentially represents an intervention target for delaying or improving language and cognitive deficits in patients with TLE.
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