The satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN), as an integration of the satellite network and terrestrial, has become a promising architecture to support global coverage and ubiquitous connection. The architecture of software-defined networking (SDN) is utilized to intelligently coordinate the global STIN, in which the placement schemes of SDN controllers, including the locations, number, and roles, would produce various performances. However, the uneven distribution of global users leads to the unbalanced energy consumption of satellite resources, which brings a heavy burden for satellites to maintain the control flows for network management. To provide green communication for international economic trade in the countries along the Belt and Road, in this paper, we focus on the energy-efficient controller placement (EECP) problem in the software-defined STIN. The satellite gateways are located in the countries along the Belt and Road, which accounts for a large number of traffic demands and a dense population. The controllers are deployed on the LEO satellites, where each LEO satellite is a candidate controller. The energy consumption for the control paths and the user data links is modeled and then formulated as the flow processing-oriented optimization problem. A modified simulated annealing placement (MSAP) algorithm is developed to solve the EECP problem, in which we use the greedy way to obtain the initial set of controllers, and then the final optimal controller placement result is obtained by the simulated annealing algorithm. Extensive simulations are conducted on the simulated Iridium satellite network topology and statistics data. Compared with other algorithms, the results show that MSAP reduces network energy consumption by 20% and average latency by 25%.
Abstract. To achieve near-continuous vertical observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform was developed in this study. The equipment consists of a multi-position solenoid valve and specially designed lightweight quartz sampling canisters. The canisters have little adsorption loss of VOCs and good inter-canister reproducibility. The 7-day recovery test shows that most VOC species (97 %) had a one-week decay within 20 %. Online instruments for measuring O3, NO2, CO, SO2, and meteorological parameters are also integrated into the UAV platform. During one take-off and landing, the UAV platform can reach 800 m above the ground within 40 min and take whole-air samples at six heights. Vertical profiles of VOCs and trace gases during the evolution of the PBL in southwest China are successfully obtained by deploying the newly developed UAV system.
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