Wind damage is one of the major factors affecting forest ecosystem sustainability, especially in the coastal region. Typhoon Lekima is among the top five most devastating typhoons in China and caused economic losses totaling over USD 8 billion in Zhejiang Province alone during 9–12 August 2019. However, there still is no assessment of its impacts on forests. Here we detected forest damage and its spatial distribution caused by Typhoon Lekima by classifying Landsat 8 OLI images using the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm and the univariate image differencing (UID) method on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The accuracy assessment indicated a high overall accuracy (>87%) and kappa coefficient (>0.75) for forest-damage detection, as evaluated against field-investigated plot data, with better performance using the RF method. The total affected forest area by Lekima was 4598.87 km2, accounting for 8.44% of the total forest area in Zhejiang Province. The light-, moderate- and severe-damage forest areas were 2106.29 km2, 2024.26 km2 and 469.76 km2, respectively. Considering the damage severity, the net forest canopy loss fraction was 2.57%. The affected forest area and damage severity exhibited large spatial variations, which were affected by elevation, slope, precipitation and forest type. Our study indicated a larger uncertainty for affected forest area and a smaller uncertainty for the proportion of damage severity, based on multiple assessment approaches. This is among the first studies on forest damage due to typhoons at a regional scale in China, and the methods can be extended to examine the impacts of other super-strong typhoons on forests. Our study results on damage severity, spatial distribution and controlling factors could help local governments, the forest sector and forest landowners make decision on tree-planting planning and sustainable management after typhoon strikes and could also raise public and governmental awareness of typhoons’ damage on China’s inland forests.

The density and viscosity of binary mixtures of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE n ) with three 1-alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol) were investigated in this work from 303.15 to 333.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The measurements were conducted by a vibrating-tube method for density and a capillary-tube method for viscosity. The densities and viscosities of the mixtures were correlated by the Jouyban–Acree model and McAllister four-body model, respectively. In addition, the excess molar volumes and the viscosity deviations of the mixtures were computed and correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation, and the discussion about the excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations was carried out.