Introduction : Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling plays a vital role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. However, the involvement of TGFβ-regulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in metastasis of LUAD remains poorly understood. Methods : We performed bioinformatic analyses to identify putative lncRNAs regulated by TGF-β/SMAD3 and validated the results by quantitative PCR in LUAD cells. We performed luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to demonstrate the transcriptional regulation of the lncRNA histocompatibility leukocyte antigen complex P5 (HCP5) we decided to focus on. Stable HCP5 knockdown and HCP5-overexpressing A549 cell variants were generated respectively, to study HCP5 function and understand its mechanism of action. We also confirmed our findings in mouse xenografts and metastasis models. We analyzed the correlation between the level of lncRNA expression with EGFR, KRAS mutations, smoke state and prognostic of LUAD patients. Results : We found that the lncRNA HCP5 is induced by TGFβ and transcriptionally regulated by SMAD3 , which promotes LUAD tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, HCP5 is overexpressed in tumor tissues of patients with LUAD, specifically in patients with EGFR and KRAS mutations and current smoker. HCP5 high expression level is positively correlated with poor prognosis of patients with LUAD. Finally, we demonstrated that upregulation of HCP5 increases the expression of Snail and Slug by sponging the microRNA-203 ( miR-203 ) and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in LUAD cells. Conclusions : Our work demonstrates that the lncRNA HCP5 is transcriptionally regulated by SMAD3 and acts as a new regulator in the TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway. Therefore, HCP5 can serve as a potential therapeutic target in LUAD.

Virus infection of plants may induce a variety of disease symptoms. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of systemic symptom development in infected plants. Here we performed the first next-generation sequencing study to identify gene expression changes associated with disease development in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) induced by infection with the M strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (M-CMV). Analysis of the tobacco transcriptome by RNA-Seq identified 95,916 unigenes, 34,408 of which were new transcripts by database searches. Deep sequencing was subsequently used to compare the digital gene expression (DGE) profiles of the healthy plants with the infected plants at six sequential disease development stages, including vein clearing, mosaic, severe chlorosis, partial and complete recovery, and secondary mosaic. Thousands of differentially expressed genes were identified, and KEGG pathway analysis of these genes suggested that many biological processes, such as photosynthesis, pigment metabolism and plant-pathogen interaction, were involved in systemic symptom development. Our systematic analysis provides comprehensive transcriptomic information regarding systemic symptom development in virus-infected plants. This information will help further our understanding of the detailed mechanisms of plant responses to viral infection.

greenhouse emissions and environmental pollution can be effectively reduced. In this regard, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) possess the merits of low cost and abundance. [1,2] The sluggish kinetics of sodium ion diffusion caused by the large sodium ionic radius, however, results in poor cycling stability, and low rate performance. Fully understanding the structural evolution during electrochemical reactions and achieving the corresponding improvements in the crystal structure and morphology design are urgently required to promote the development of SIBs. [3] Recent research progress has involved a considerable emphasis on constructing nanostructures with high surface area to take advantages of impressive nanochemistry, including ultrathin layered materials. The discovery of graphene has a spillover effect, leading to unprecedented research on single-layer and few-layer 2D materials. [4] The evergrowing family of 2D crystals offers versatile benefits owing to their unique physical and chemical properties in terms of diversity of applications, such as rechargeable batteries, catalysts, membranes, conductive or inert coatings, etc. [5][6][7] 2D materials in particular have been treated as a robust host for sodium storage. [8] By downsizing from the bulk to a few atomic layers, both physical and chemical properties have shown outstanding improvements. [9][10][11] Different methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth, [12] chemical-assisted exfoliation, [13][14][15] and direct exfoliation, [16] have shown their application in preparation of few-layer 2D materials. Among them, shear exfoliation is driven by the high shear rate generated by a highspeed rotator, [17] and can even be achieved by using a kitchen blender. [18] This facile and low-cost method is easy to use for scaling up in industrial production line.Transition metal dichalcogenides have been widely investigated in battery systems, due to their tunable interlayer space, fast ion transportation, and robust kinetics. [19] Among them, TiS 2 is a promising electrode material due to its low cost, facile synthesis, and high specific discharge capacity of 479 mAh g −1 (calculated based on the two-electron reaction, 1C = 479 mA g −1 ). [20] Recently, TiS 2 has been reported as good electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, [21] potassium ion batteries, [22,23] magnesium ion batteries, [24,25] and calcium ion batteries. [25] The ever-growing interests for TiS 2 in energy storage and conversion system also promotes the research in SIBs. Ryu et al. used TiS 2 powder purchased from Sigma-Aldrich as the electrode material for SIBs. [26] The discharge Sodium ion batteries are now attracting great attention, mainly because of the abundance of sodium resources and their cheap raw materials. 2D materials possess a unique structure for sodium storage. Among them, transition metal chalcogenides exhibit significant potential for rechargeable battery devices due to their tunable composition, remarkable structural stability, fast ion transport, and robust kinetic...

Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries are proposed as the most appropriate alternative to lithium batteries due to the fast consumption of the limited lithium resources. Due to their improved safety, polyanion framework compounds have recently gained attention as potential candidates. With the earth-abundant element Fe being the redox center, the uniform carbon-coated Na Fe (P O ) /C composite represents a promising alternative for sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical results show that the as-prepared Na Fe (P O ) /C composite can deliver capacity of ≈100 mA h g at 0.1 C (1 C = 120 mA g ), with capacity retention of 92.3% at 0.5 C after 300 cycles. After adding fluoroethylene carbonate additive to the electrolyte, 89.6% of the initial capacity is maintained, even after 1100 cycles at 5 C. The electrochemical mechanism is systematically investigated via both in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations. The results show that the sodiation and desodiation are single-phase-transition processes with two 1D sodium paths, which facilitates fast ionic diffusion. A small volume change, nearly 100% first-cycle Coulombic efficiency, and a pseudocapacitance contribution are also demonstrated. This research indicates that this new compound could be a potential competitor for other iron-based cathode electrodes for application in large-scale Na rechargeable batteries.

The cathode materials in the Na-ion battery system have always been the key issue obstructing wider application because of their relatively low specific capacity and low energy density. We fabricated a graphene oxide (GO) wrapped composite, Na 2 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 @C@GO, via a simple freezedrying method. With the earth-abundant element Fe being the redox center in the alluaudite-type framework, the as-prepared material can deliver a 3.8 V platform with discharge capacity of 107.9 mAh g -1 at 0.1 C (1 C= 120 mA g -1 ), as well as offering capacity retention above 90 % at discharge rate of 0.2 C after 300 cycles. The well-constructed carbon network provides fast electron transfer rates, and thus, higher power density also can be achieved (75.1 mAh g -1 at 10 C). The interface contribution of GO and Na 2 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 was recognized and studied via density function theory (DFT) calculation. We also investigated the Na storage mechanism through in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and pseudocapacitance contributions were also demonstrated. The diffusion coefficient of Na + ions was around 10 -12 to 10 -10.8 cm 2 s -1 during cycling. The higher working voltage of this composite is mainly ascribed to the larger electronegativity of the element S compared to the element P in the polyanionicbased cathode materials. Our research indicates that this well-constructed composite would be a competitive candidate as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries.

there are only a few reports on 2D LiFePO 4 materials with outstanding high-rate performance and hybrid battery and supercapacitor behavior. [9,[13][14][15] This is due to the fact that transition metals in cathode materials would undergo oxidation to higher valence states on the removal of lithium or other cations, [16] leading to large compositional changes and the consequent phase changes. Therefore, cathode materials require high structural stability to provide a high specific capacity at high charge and discharge rates, as well as suitable morphology and particle size. Nowadays, the challenge is to develop a versatile, scalable, highly efficient process to synthesize 2D cathode nanosheets, which could maintain their stable crystal structure and uniform microstructure over the long run.The current state-of-the-art cathode materials for Li-ion batteries mainly have three different type of structures, including layered (LiCoO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , LiNiCoAlO 2 ), spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ), and olivine-type (LiFePO 4 ) structures. (Please see Figure S1, Supporting Information.) Moreover, the diffusion direction of lithium in LiCoO 2 is octahedral site-tetrahedral site-octahedral site in layers, while that in LiMn 2 O 4 is tetrahedral siteoctahedral site-tetrahedral site with 3D channels, and the motion of lithium ions in LiFePO 4 occurs along 1D channels via nonlinear trajectory in the olivine crystal structure. [17] These different structures certainly will increase the difficulty of the synthesis of 2D cathode nanosheets. Thus, it is a challenge to adopt a general process to synthesize their 2D nanosheets from the corresponding particles with different crystal structures. In addition, the storage mechanisms of 2D layered lithium transition metal oxides or spinel LiMn 2 O 4 nanosheets still need investigation.Herein, we used an effective, easily scaled-up, and general synthetic process for the preparation of few-layered positive electrode nanosheets, which include layered LiCoO 2 , olivinetype LiFePO 4 , and spinel-type LiMn 2 O 4 . These prepared nanosheets showed highly oriented facets, which will have benefits for the lithium ion de-insertion/insertion during the charging/discharging process, respectively, thereby delivering high-energy densities and excellent rate capabilities. Also, the structural evolution of 2D cathode materials during galvanostatic charge-discharge was captured using time-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The transport channels of 2D cathode materials would be opened up to different The most promising cathode materials, including LiCoO 2 (layered), LiMn 2 O 4 (spinel), and LiFePO 4 (olivine), have been the focus of intense research to develop rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices. Sluggish lithium diffusion, however, and unsatisfactory long-term cycling performance still limit the development of present LIBs for several applications, such as plug-in/hybrid electric vehicles. Motivated by the success of graphene and novel 2D m...

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Breeding system characteristics of woody bamboo species are still little known although this knowledge is important for research on genetic improvement and conservation of bamboo forests. The present study is the first report on variation in breeding system from mass and sporadically flowering bamboo populations. The results demonstrate that two Dendrocalamus species have a mixed mating system with self-compatibility, predominant outcrossing, and no agamospermy. Pollen limitation and scarcity of wild pollinators influence sexual reproduction in sporadically flowering populations of both species.