The field of view of digital in-line holography for flow field diagnostics is restricted to a small volume due to the finite size and the low spatial resolution of the available CCD. Expansion of the measurement cross section of digital holographic particle image velocimetry was investigated with a lens-based holography configuration. By sampling the chirp signal in the center lobe completely and undersampling the chirp signal in the second- and higher-order lobes by a magnified virtual recording plane produced by an imaging camera lens, the field of view is expanded. Simulation results show that the three-dimensional (3D) location and size of the relatively large particle can be reconstructed with good accuracy. A digital holographic particle image velocimetry system was established for coal particle flow field diagnostics. Compared with the lensless configuration, the field of view of the digital holography system was enlarged 1.9 times, up to 2.78 cm × 2.78 cm × 3 cm. The 3D location, size distribution, and the 3D vector field of coal powder were obtained. The results show that the application of digital in-line holography to measure large particle flow field is feasible.

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Aim: Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is crucial for the relapse to heroin seeking. The aim of this study was to determine whether mGluR5 in the NAc core or shell involved in heroin seeking behavior in rats. Methods: Male SD rats were self-administered heroin under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) reinforcement schedule for 14 d, and subsequently withdrawn for 2 weeks. The selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-phenylethynyl-pyridine (MPEP, 5, 15 and 50 nmol per side) was then microinjected into the NAc core or shell 10 min before a heroin-seeking test induced by context, cues or heroin priming. Results: Microinjection of MPEP into the NAc shell dose-dependently decreased the heroin seeking induced by context, cues or heroin priming. In contrast, microinjection of MPEP into the NAc core did not alter the heroin seeking induced by cues or heroin priming. In addition, microinjection with MPEP (15 nmol per side) in the NAc shell reversed both the percentage of open arms entries (OE%) and the percentage of time spent in open arms (OT%) after heroin withdrawal. Microinjection of MPEP (50 nmol per side) in the striatum as a control location did not affect the heroin seeking behavior. Microinjection of MPEP in the 3 locations did not change the locomotion activities. Conclusion: Blockade of mGluR5 in NAc shell in rats specifically suppresses the relapse to heroin-seeking and anxiety-like behavior, suggesting that mGluR5 antagonists may be a potential candidate for the therapy of heroin addiction.Keywords: heroin; addiction; relapse; mGluR5; MPEP; the nucleus accumbens; striatum Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2014Sinica ( ) 35: 1485Sinica ( -1492 doi: 10.1038/aps.2014 published online Nov 17 2014 Original Article IntroductionRelapse is the most important manifestation of heroin addiction following prolonged periods of abstinence [1] . Relapse arises from intense craving that can be triggered by a single drug-taking experience or exposure to an environmental stimulus [2] . The pre-clinical literature indicates that longterm drug-induced alterations in glutamatergic transmission within the NAc may underlie relapse to drug-seeking behavior following the re-exposure to drugs and drugassociated stimuli during abstinence of the drug [3,4] . Type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) as a postsynaptic element is abundantly present throughout in the NAc, where it is positively coupled to NMDA receptor function and mediates various forms of synaptic plasticity [5,6] . The deletion of mGluR5 results in marked deficits in responding to the reinforcing and locomotor stimulating effects of cocaine [7] . Furthermore, the administration of the noncompetitive selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6 (phenyethynyl) pyridine (MPEP) decreased the self-administration and/or relapse of nicotine [8,9] , cocaine [10,11] , ethanol [12][13][14] , and heroin [15,16] . MTEP, another antagonist of mGluR5, also can attenuate opiate selfadministration and opiate-seeking behavior in mice [17] . These data indicate mGluR5 plays a...

Depth-of-field extension and accurate 3D position location are two important issues in digital holography for particle characterization and motion tracking. We propose a method of locating the axial positions of both opaque and transparent objects in the reconstructed 3D field in the wavelet domain. The spatial-frequency property of the reconstructed image is analyzed from the viewpoint of the point spread function of the digital inline holography. The reconstructed image is decomposed into high- and low-frequency subimages. By using the variance of the image gradient in the subimages as focus metrics, the depth-of-field of the synthesis image can be extended with all the particles focalized, and the focal plane of the object can be accurately determined. The method is validated by both simulated and experimental holograms of transparent spherical water droplets and opaque nonspherical coal particles. The extended-focus image is applied to the particle pairing in a digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry to obtain the 3D vector field.

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A field sampling campaign of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted during ozone polluted days at three sites of botanic gardens (HP), industrial areas (XS), and traffic residential mixed areas (ZH) in Hangzhou. The sampling was performed using stainless steel canisters from 6:00 to 20:00 synchronously with a time interval of 2 h on 17 May, 26 June, 20 July, 24 August, and 26 September 2018. A total of 107 species of VOCs for each sample were quantified using two standard gases with a pre-concentrator coupled by GC/MS. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used to identify the major VOC sources and assess their contribution to VOC concentrations. The effects of VOCs on O3 formation were investigated, based on propylene-equivalent concentrations (Prop-E), ozone formation potential (OFP), and Smog Production Model (SPM). It was found that the concentration of ozone during the sampling days tended to be highest in the downwind area while the concentrations of VOCs and NO2 in HP were rather low. The most reactive species were isoprene, ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, and propylene. The average total VOC volume mixing ratios in HP, XS, and ZH were 32.00, 36.63, and 50.34 ppbv, respectively. Bimodal profiles of propane and n-butane were exhibited in ZH while unimodal diurnal variation of isoprene was performed in HP. Liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG) usage, aged background, and secondary source were identified as the major contributors to total VOCs in Hangzhou, accounting for 19.65%, 15.53%, and 18.93%, respectively.