Virtual physics based approach is one of the major solutions for self-deployment in mobile sensor networks with stochastic distribution of nodes. To overcome the connectivity maintenance and nodes stacking problems in the traditional virtual force algorithm (VFA), an extended virtual force-based approach is investigated to achieve the ideal deployment. In low-Rc VFA, the orientation force is proposed to guarantee the continuous connectivity. While in high-Rc VFA, a judgment of distance force between node and its faraway nodes is considered for preventing node stacking from nonplanar connectivity. Simulation results show that self-deployment by the proposed extended virtual force approach can effectively reach the ideal deployment in the mobile sensor networks with different ratio of communication range to sensing range. Furthermore, it gets better performance in coverage rate, distance uniformity, and connectivity uniformity than prior VFA.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained worldwide attention in recent years. Since WSNs can be conveniently deployed to monitor a given field of interest, they have been considered as a great long-term economic potential for military, environmental, and scientific applications and so forth. One of the most active areas of research in WSNs is the coverage which is one of the most essential functions to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in WSNs. However, less attention is paid on the heterogeneity of the node and the energy balance of the whole network during the redeployment process. In this work, the energy balanced problems in mobile heterogeneous WSNs redeployment have been analyzed. The virtual force algorithm with extended virtual force model is used to improve the QoS of the deployment. Furthermore energy model is added to enhance or limit the movement of the nodes so that the energy of nodes in the whole WSNs can be balanced and the lifetime of the networks can be prolonged. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of this proposed algorithm.
LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) is a well-known self-organizing, adaptive clustering protocol of wireless sensor networks. However it has some shortcomings when it faces such problems as the cluster construction and energy management. In this paper, LEICP (low energy intelligent clustering protocol), an improvement of the LEACH protocol is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of LEACH. LEICP aims at balancing the energy consumption in every cluster and prolonging the network lifetime. A fitness function is defined to balance the energy consumption in every cluster according to the residual energy and positions of nodes. In every round the node called auxiliary cluster-head calculates the position of the clusterhead using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA). After aggregating the data received, the cluster-head node decides whether to choose another cluster-head as the next hop for delivering the messages or to send the data to the base station directly, using Dijkstra algorithm to compute an optimal path. The performance of LEICP is compared with that of LEACH. Simulation results demonstrate that LEICP can prolong the lifetime of the sensor network by about 62.28% compared with LEACH and acquire uniform number of cluster-heads and messages in the network.
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