Diabetic retinopathy is a common diabetic eye disease caused by changes in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). It is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease, which affects up to 80% of all patients who have had diabetes for 10 years or more. The genetically diabetic db/db mouse, as a model of type-2 diabetes, shows diabetic retinopathy induced by apoptosis of RGCs. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with powerful antioxidant properties that exists naturally in various plants, algae and seafood. Here, astaxanthin was shown to reduce the apoptosis of RGCs and improve the levels of oxidative stress markers, including superoxide anion, malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, indicator of oxidative DNA damage) and MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) activity in the retinal tissue of db/db mouse. In addition, astaxanthin attenuated hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)-induced apoptosis in the transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5. Therefore, astaxanthin may be developed as an antioxidant drug to treat diabetic retinopathy.
SummaryMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism C667T has been associated with congenital malformation; this common missense mutation in the MTHFR gene may reduce enzymatic action, and may be involved in the etiology of congenital heart defects (CHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with the risk of CHD in children with CHD and their parents by meta-analysis. Studies were identified by searching electronic literature for papers before 2011, focusing on MTHFR C667T and the risk of CHD. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects model in Cochrane Review Manager 5.1.1. Twenty eligible case-control and familybased studies were included. Overall analysis yielded pooled odds ratios (OR) of 1.55 (95%CI 1.25-1.93), 1.84 (95%CI 1.23-2.74) and 1.20 (95%CI 0.94-1.54) for fetal, paternal and maternal MTHFR TT genotypes in case-control studies, respectively, but yielded a summarized OR of 0.9 (95%CI 0.97-1.12) in family-based studies. Our results suggested that the fetal and paternal MTHFR C667T gene may be associated with an increased occurrence of CHD. Further larger studies should be performed to investigate the interaction between maternal genetic polymorphism, folic acid intake and hyperhomocysteinemia, and the development of CHD.
Background: Superior oblique weakening is a common method to treat A-pattern strabismus. This study aims to evaluate the surgical results of the bilateral superior oblique posterior tenectomy procedure to treat A-pattern strabismus patients who had bilateral superior oblique overaction without objective ocular intorsion. Methods: The records of 18 consecutive patients who underwent surgery of superior oblique posterior tenectomy close to its insertion with superior oblique overaction (SOOA)-associated A-pattern strabismus between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Ocular alignment, objective torsion, A-pattern and ocular motility were assessed. Ocular alignment was measured in the primary position, 25°upgaze, and 25°d owngaze using the prism bar cover test, and torsion was measured using fundus photographs. Results: A total of 18 patients (mean age: 15 years; 6 female, 12 male) underwent bilateral superior oblique posterior tenectomy and simultaneous horizontal rectus muscle surgery were included. The mean preoperative A-pattern deviation was 15 PD and the mean postoperative A-pattern deviation was 2.25 PD with a mean reduction of 12.75 PD. The mean preoperative superior oblique overaction was 2.28 and the mean postoperative superior oblique overaction was 0.43 with a mean reduction of 1.85. There was no significant correlation between the ocular torsional, vertical alignment change and the superior oblique posterior tenectomy procedure. Conclusions: Superior oblique posterior tenectomy surgery selectively improved the A-pattern and superior oblique overaction but not affect the primary position vertical deviation, as well as the ocular torsion. It is an effective procedure to treat the mild to moderate superior oblique overaction associated A pattern strabismus without ocular intorsion.
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