No abstract

Goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) or goblet cell carcinoma is a unique mixed endocrine-exocrine neoplasm that is almost exclusively seen in the appendix. The hallmark of GCC is the concentric infiltration of the appendiceal wall by small tight clusters, nests or cords of tumor cells that exhibit a goblet cell morphology with a small compressed nucleus and conspicuous intracytoplasmic mucin. The coexistence of high-grade adenocarcinoma with GCC has been increasingly recognized as a common finding, which has been called adenocarcinoma ex GCC or mixed GCC-adenocarcinoma. A number of studies have shown that it is the high-grade adenocarcinomatous component that dictates the prognosis. Several histologic classification/grading systems have been proposed, which correlate with overall patient survival. Treatment options are primarily based on tumor stage and the presence or absence of a high-grade adenocarcinomatous component.

Nuclear hormone receptors of the NR4A subgroup have been implicated in cancer, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disease. However, little is known about the role of these receptors in kidney health or disease. Nr4a1-deficient rats (Nr4a1 The incidence of CKD has increased over the last 2 decades. 1 Current estimates suggest that approximately 10% of adults in the United States have CKD. 2 Considering only federal Medicare spending, the direct economic effect of CKD is staggering. The cost to treat CKD (predialysis) in 2010 was $41 billion, in addition to ESRD (dialysis and transplantation) costs estimated at $32.9 billion. 3 A significant problem is that current treatment options are not ideal and only serve to slow the progression of CKD. Thus, the identification of genes and/or biologic pathways that mediate progressive kidney disease is critical to both developing new and/or improved treatments for CKD and curbing the associated financial burden. Nuclear hormone receptors are transcription factors that play a role in a variety of biologic processes and are induced in multiple tissues by diverse stimuli, such as b-adrenoceptor agonists, cold, fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and cholesterol. 4 The nuclear receptor (NR) 4A subgroup of nuclear hormone receptors is composed of three members: Nr4a1 (Nur77), Nr4a2 (Nurr1), and Nr4a3 (Nor1). In contrast with other NRs, the activity of NR4A receptor family is ligand independent and regulated at the level of gene expression and protein stability. 5 The NR4A subgroup has been linked to cancer, 6

No abstract

No abstract