Drawing on existing work in the area of creativity and early year's education, this paper maps the process of an exploratory study which sought to identify what characterizes 'possibility thinking' as an aspect of creativity in young children's learning. With the aim of developing a framework for identifying 'possibility thinking' in the contexts of three early years settings, the authors explore key tenets of a model for conceptualizing (and rethinking) 'possibility thinking' and attempt to reconcile some of the methodological challenges inherent in documenting this aspect of creativity in early years contexts. With the co-participation of five early years teachers as researchers, three university based researchers worked collaboratively over the three phase development of the project. With the emphasis on mapping the developing conceptualizations of 'possibility thinking' and the appropriateness of multimodal methods in naturalistic inquiry, the research team, explicate, and argue the need for sharing methodological approaches in researching young children's thinking. The data arising from this research provides powerful insights into the characteristics of 'possibility thinking' which most successfully promote creativity and the authors conclude with a consideration of the implications for future research, practice and practitioner research in early years contexts.

Purpose Pathologic fractures occur in 5-10% of pediatric osteosarcoma cases and have historically been considered a contraindication to limb salvage. We purposed to describe the radiographic features of pathologic fracture and examine its impact on local recurrence rates, functional outcomes and overall survival. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients at our institution from 1990-2015 with pathologic fracture at diagnosis or during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We selected a control group of 50 osteosarcoma patients of similar age and gender without pathologic fracture from 1990-2015. Functional outcomes were scored using Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) criteria. Chi square test was used for comparative analysis of groups. Results Thirty-six patients with 37 pathologic fractures form the study cohort. Of patients who received surgery, 18/34 patients with fracture underwent amputation, compared to 8/48 in the non-fracture group (p=0.007). Indications for amputation in fracture patients were tumor size (n=7), neurovascular involvement (n=6), and tumor progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n=5). Only one patient (2.9%) in the fracture group who underwent limb salvage suffered local recurrence. Of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 25/34 fracture patients showed poor histological response, compared to 24/47 non-fracture patients. (p=0.044) There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between the two groups (p=0.96). Functional outcomes were significantly lower in fracture patients (median=17.5) than non-fracture patients (median=24) (p=0.023). Conclusions Radiographic features of pathologic fractures were highly variable in this population. Limb salvage surgery can be performed without increased risk of local recurrence. Patients with pathologic fracture suffer worse functional outcomes, but show no decrease in overall survival.

This study presents potential proof for using FDFs as a replacement therapy of epinephrine injections for pediatrics.

A reversible emulsion drill-in fluid can exhibit the drilling benefits of conventional oil-based emulsion muds and still show cleanup characteristics equivalent to or better than biopolymer calcium carbonate water-based drill-in fluids. After exposure to the reversible emulsion drill-in fluid and an acid cleanup procedure, laboratory tests have demonstrated satisfactory retained permeabilities through sandstone cores in both the production and injection directions. Tests on aloxite disks show that the reversible invert emulsion filter cakes are stable during displacement of the drill-in fluid with brine. Clean up of the filter cakes shows that the destruction of the reversible invert emulsion filter cake containing calcium carbonate is easily attained with acid treatment through a simulated gravel pack. The reversible emulsion drill-in fluid had higher retained permeabilities in both the injection and production directions when compared to the xanthan-based calcium carbonate fluids. The cleanup treatments for the reversible emulsion fluid and the xanthan carbonate fluids varied from a 10% acetic acid solution to a 10% hydrochloric acid solution. Tests of the reversible invert emulsion drill-in fluid filtercake stability on aloxite disks in a stirred filtration cell showed that the filter cakes are quite stable to calcium chloride displacement brine. Placement of gravel packing sand over the filter cakes and subsequent clean up of the filter cakes through the gravel pack showed that good clean up of the cakes could be achieved through the pack. Lab work presented here has been validated by application of this reversible emulsion drill-in fluid in West Africa, where both production and injection wells have exceeded what was expected from use of a conventional invert emulsion. In addition, the wells were completed with less rig time and lower cost for the completion and clean up. Introduction Improvements over the last decade in water-based fluids for use when drilling the reservoir have led to a new class of water-based fluids categorized as reservoir drill-in fluids (RDFs). These fluids have as their first priority minimal formation damage and good filtercake removal, along with the usual drilling fluid requirements of density, rheology, stability and drilled solids tolerance for good drilling performance. These RDFs are essential to drilling and completing efficiently with slotted liners, wire wrapped screens, prepacked screens and gravel pack completions. These completions depend on destruction and/or removal of the filter cake rather than using perforation tunnels to bypass any filter cake and near well bore damage. Removal of the filter cake has been either by lift off with formation pressure or by chemical treatment, allowing the filtercake pieces to flow through the completion assembly. Frequently the chemical treatment is an acid blend that chemically dissolves the particles in the filter cake for optimum flow in either production or injection direction. Certain applications of invert emulsions as RDFs have been very successful through careful design and execution of the fluid's particle sizing so that the filter cake could be removed by formation pressure lift off.1 This has allowed certain fields to be developed which take advantage of the best possible lubricity and inhibition that are available only with invert emulsion fluids. However, fields where formation damage issues such as emulsion blocking and wettability are a concern could not be developed in this manner. Also, in situations where the particle sizing necessary for optimum filtercake building exceeds the particle size that easily flows through the completion assembly, there is a high risk of plugging the completion assembly if clean up by lift off alone is attempted.2 These fields require a true invert emulsion RDF that can be chemically removed as easily as a water-based RDF.

A new laboratory procedure has been developed to study formation damage mechanisms and Improve acid stimulation designs using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) coupled with core flood tests. An ESEM has the unique capability of observing a sample, wet or dry, in its natural, uncoated state. The core plugs used In core flooding experiments can be observed at the same locations, before, during and after treatment with workover and completion fluids, without any cleaning, drying or metal coating processes. The direct effects of the stimulation and completion fluids on the formation minerals can be seen along with any changes to the initial porosity. The ESEM is combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) to allow elemental analysis of precipitates or observation of changes in the elemental composition of the clay minerals. This paper describes both the analytical procedures and the results of acidizing sandstone cores. The core material was observed by ESEM before, during and after laboratory core flood tests. This has resulted in a more effective acid stimulation treatment design through a better understanding of the fluid/rock interactions. Introduction The new Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) has become a valuable research tool for performing laboratory acid stimulation studies. It provides the capability of observing core material In its natural, uncoated state, before and after core acidizing experiments. The direct effect of specific treatment fluids on the formation rock can be observed while eliminating any changes to the core due to sample preparation techniques. There are many problems associated with using a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify changes in core material produced by core acidizing experiments. The problems are caused by the internal design of a conventional SEM which prevents the observation of wet and uncoated core material. The problems are as follows:The core plugs used in the acidizing experiments cannot be directly observed in a conventional SEM because they are saturated with varIous treatment fluids. Before imaging, small pieces must be broken from the core plug, cleaned, dried, and metal coated. Because observations are made from different samples before and after treatment, interpretation is very subjective.The cleaning, drying, and coating processes may cause changes to the delicate clay structure or movement of the fine material which may lead to erroneous conclusions. P. 621^