Carbon-based stationary phases for chromatographic separation have been commercially available since the 1980s. Porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography columns are known to be highly resistant to aggressive mobile phases and extreme pH values of solvents and eluents, an important advantage compared to conventional silica-based alternatives. In our work, we demonstrate a new variant of carbon-based stationary phases for liquid chromatography, specifically developed for chiral separation. Mesoporous three-dimensional graphene nanosheets (3D GNS), functionalized with tetracyanoethylene oxide (TCNEO) and (S)-(+)-2-pyrrolidinemethanol, demonstrate pharmaceutical-grade chiral separation of model ibuprofen and thalidomide racemic mixtures when used as Chiral Stationary Phases (CSPs), with performance parameters comparable to currently commercially available CSPs. Simple covalent attachment of functionalization groups to the surface of mesoporous three-dimensional graphene nanosheets makes these carbon-based CSPs chemically stable and up to an order of magnitude less expensive than standard silica-based analogues.

Long-term, minimally perturbative brain electrophysiology requires electrodes to seamlessly integrate into surrounding tissue. In this work, we demonstrate electrodes composed of covalently functionalized graphite, decorated with various functional affinity and epitope tags, and use them to detect changes in electrical potential on the surfaces of illuminated quantum dots and near fluorescing molecules. Affinity and epitope tagging of carbon was achieved using direct attachment of biotin and solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of histidine (His)- and human influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-tags. Surface modification was confirmed with Auger, Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Photoresponse was detected with compatible binding protein-surface tag combinations, confirming desired tag and electrode functionality. These results provide a path to organic, biofunctionalized, fully molecularly-defined electrodes for neuronal applications, and to a wide range of other secondary reactions and modifications of carbon; potential uses include affinity chromatography, DNA sequencing technologies, biomolecular sensors, and surfaces and scaffolds for targeted interfaces with biological tissues.