BackgroundPrevious reports of single-leg assessment demonstrated functional deficits in postural stability following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, quantified measures describing postural stability vary among investigations and results seem not to be clear. The first aim of this systematic review was to quantify postural deficits in eyes open single-leg stance in patients after ACL injury. Moreover, the second aim was to examine the potential of traditional center of pressure (CoP) measures in order to distinguish postural stability between ACL patients and healthy controls.MethodsA systematic literature search in the databases PubMed and Scopus was conducted from their inception to December 2016 to identify relevant articles. Eligibility criteria were limited to controlled trials of eyes open static single-leg stance on a force or pressure plate recording CoP measures in patients after ACL injury.ResultsEleven studies were included, involving a total of 329 ACL-injured and 265 control subjects. Random-effects meta-analysis showed significantly increased sway magnitudes (SMDwm = 0.94, p = 0.003) and velocities (SMDwm = 0.66, p = 0.0002) in the ACL group compared to the healthy controls. Sway magnitude in anteroposterior (SMDwm = 0.58, p = 0.02) and mediolateral (SMDwm = 1.15, p = 0.02) direction were significantly increased in ACL patients. No differences were found for the non-injured side. Similarly, no differences have been observed among ACL patients between the injured and non-injured side for sway velocity, while sway magnitude significantly differed (SMDwm = 0.58, p = 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated decreased postural stability in individuals with ACL injury. Sway magnitude and velocity were significantly increased in the ACL group compared to the healthy controls. Although the included research still exhibited considerable heterogeneity, it may be proposed that fundamental CoP measures are suitable to differentiate patients after ACL injury and healthy controls with respect to postural stability in eyes open single-leg stance.

Purpose: Whereas many studies addressed the relation between acute physical exercise and executive functions (EF) in children, the effects of various modalities of acute exercise on EF still remain unclear. This systematic review investigated the effects of exercise with low and high cognitive demands on speed of processing and accuracy of performance in tasks examining inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in children. Method: A systematic literature research in electronic databases was performed. Controlled trials assessing the effects of acute exercise on EF in a pre–post design were included. Results: Ten studies involving a total of 890 participants revealed positive effects in working memory performance in speed of processing after acute exercises with low cognitive demands compared with seated rest, mixed results for inhibition after exercises with low and high cognitive demands, and mixed results for cognitive flexibility with low cognitive demands. Concerning accuracy, only mixed results were found for inhibition after exercises with low and high cognitive demands. Conclusion: The differentiated effects of acute exercises with low and high cognitive demands led to more positive effects in speed of processing compared with accuracy of performance. Further investigations including assessment of neurophysiological parameters of EF are needed.

No abstract

ZusammenfassungTraining mit ergänzendem verzögertem Feedback zeigt sich zum Erlernen einer postoperativen Teilbelastung beim Gehen an Unterarmgehstützen effektiv. Insbesondere die Verwendung von Bandbreitenfeedback hat sich bei anderen Bewegungsaufgaben im Hinblick auf die Ausführungspräzision, -konstanz und -automatizität als vorteilhaft erwiesen. In einer Studie mit 31 jungen gesunden Erwachsenen untersuchten wir diese Parameter im Rahmen eines Feedbacktrainings während einer Teilbelastungsaufgabe und verglichen dabei eine Bandbreitenmethode mit einem 100 %-Feedback und einer Kontrollbedingung.Die in anderen Studien aufgezeigten Vorteile des Bandbreitenfeedbacks konnten in diesem Kontext für keinen der 3 Zielparameter gezeigt werden. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich aus den Daten 2 wichtige Hinweise für die rehabilitative Praxis: Zum einen konnten mit nur wenigen feedbackgestützten Übungsversuchen deutliche und zudem relativ behaltensstabile Reduktionen der Teilbelastung erreicht werden, zum anderen zeigte sich, dass das Teilbelastungsgehen einen hohen kognitiven Aufwand erfordert, der sich auch nach 2 umfangreichen Übungssitzungen nicht verringert und dazu führt, dass die Einhaltung der Teilbelastung bei Aufmerksamkeitsablenkung im Alltag beeinträchtigt sein könnte.