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The use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in outdoor lighting has energy-saving potential, but users' responses to this light source are largely unknown. An intervention study in two residential areas compared conventional lighting installations (high pressure sodium in Area 1 and high pressure mercury in Area 2) to a retrofitted LED-alternative regarding residents' perceptions of quality of light, visual accessibility and danger. Moreover, energy use was calculated. Residents' (N ¼ 60) visual accessibility improved and perceived danger remained low in both areas after retrofitting. In Area 2 the perceived quality of light increased, whereas in Area 1 the results were mixed. The retrofitted application reduced energy use by 41-76% and might be a feasible alternative to conventional outdoor lighting in relatively safe areas.

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