Cultured ¢sh escaping from farms represent an economic loss as well as a potential problem for wild ¢sh populations. This study investigated the escape-related behaviour of farmed Norwegian coastal and northeast Arctic cod (NEAC), Gadus morhua L. Six groups of ¢sh were observed during three replicate trials in a large tank that was split into two equal parts by a net wall. The ¢sh could move freely through an opening in the net during the trials. Three groups were not fed during the trials. The ¢rst escape occurred shortly after producing the net opening (11 AE 10.5 min; mean AE standard deviation). Norwegian coastal cod were more prone to escape than the NEAC. A starvation period of 9 days increased the number of ¢sh on the escape side of the tank. Net biting and net inspection by the ¢sh were frequently observed, irrespective of whether the ¢sh were fed or not. The same ¢sh were repeatedly found on the escape side of the tank, but the propensity for recurrent escape behaviour was not related to genotype, feeding status or size. The results suggest that other factors, such as individual variation in boldness or exploration behaviour, could a¡ect the willingness to escape.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and Sections 504 and 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities in all aspects of daily life, including education, work, and access to places of public accommodations. Increasingly, these antidiscrimination laws are used by persons with disabilities to ensure equal access to e-commerce, and to private and public Internet websites. To help assess the impact of the anti-discrimination mandate for educational communities, this study examined 157 website home pages of Iowa public high schools (52% of high schools in Iowa) in terms of their electronic accessibility for persons with disabilities. We predicted that accessibility problems would limit students and others in obtaining information from the web pages as well as limiting ability to navigate to other web pages. Findings show that although many web pages examined included information in accessible formats, none of the home pages met World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards for accessibility. The most frequent accessibility problem was lack of alternative text (ALT tags) for graphics. Technical sophistication built into pages was found to reduce accessibility. Implications are discussed for schools and educational institutions, and for laws, policies, and procedures on website accessibility.
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