LiCoO 2 /graphite and LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 /graphite Li-ion pouch-type cells filled with 1 M LiPF 6 EC: EMC (3:7 by weight) with the additives vinylene carbonate (VC) or vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) were prepared. Some cells underwent partial or complete formation while others underwent full formation followed by charge-discharge cycling or high potential storage. Following a simple liquid-liquid extraction step, the mass ratios of the organic components of the electrolyte were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with electron impact mass spectroscopy (MS). This semi-quantitative method proved to be very effective for the removal of the LiPF 6 from the electrolyte, thus preventing damage to the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer. It also allowed for a quick and simple assessment of the consumption of additives as a function of state of charge and cycling. The purpose of this paper is to make this method widely available to the Li-ion battery research community.
Tidal dynamics have significant implications in Arctic environments, particularly in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Tidal currents influence the sea-ice distribution, thickness, and concentration throughout the Arctic by fracturing and mobilizing sea ice (Holloway & Proshutinsky, 2007;Luneva et al., 2015) and by interaction with bottom topography, which can enhance vertical mixing, bringing subsurface heat to the surface and reducing sea-ice growth. Together, these tidal processes drive the formation of leads and polynyas (Holloway & Proshutinsky, 2007;Melling et al., 2015;Williams et al., 2007), which form in narrow and shallow straits across the CAA (Hannah et al., 2009). Amplified upward mixing can also lead to higher nutrient fluxes toward the surface which may lead to localized elevated biological productivity.The presence of sea ice also influences the tides. Seasonal tidal modulation has been observed in several regions across the Arctic. In the Kara Sea, the M 2 tidal amplitude is damped by about 7% during ice cover (Volkov et al., 2002). M 2 amplitude seasonal changes in the White Sea are also small; both winter increases and decreases of 7%-9% are observed (Kulikov et al., 2018). Very large seasonal changes in M 2 elevation
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