Background Hand hygiene, facemask wearing, and physical distancing play a crucial role in the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying the key psychosocial determinants of these precautionary behaviors contributes to effective intervention and policymaking for COVID-19 and future pandemics. Purpose This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze available evidence on psychosocial determinants of the general population’s practice of three precautionary behaviors, based on the Risk, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self-regulation (RANAS) framework. Methods Literature was identified by searching seven databases and relevant review papers. Observational and experimental studies targeting the general population (≥18 years) published between January 2020 to September 2021 were included. Pooled effect sizes were calculated with the inverse-variance method using random-effects models. Results A total of 51 studies (64 samples) were included in the qualitative synthesis, of which 30 studies (42 samples) were included in the meta-analysis. RANAS-based constructs including knowledge, pros attitudes, and perceived norms were identified as significant determinants of all three behaviors in the meta-analysis. Perceived susceptibility and cons attitudes showed no significant associations with any behaviors. Perceived severity, perceived control, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention were significantly associated with one or two behaviors. Country (western vs. eastern hemispheres) significantly moderated the effects of certain risk and ability factors. Conclusions More research is needed with respect to the intention–behavior relationship, self-regulatory and reflexive factors of precautionary behaviors, as well as the exploration of the potential moderating effect of sociodemographic factors.

24 h movement behaviors, specifically physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep, play a crucial role in the prevention and intervention of childhood obesity. This study aimed to examine the association of 24 h movement behaviors with weight status and body composition among Chinese primary school children. Using a random stratified sampling, 978 eligible participants (9.1 ± 1.4 years, 53.2% boys) were recruited from 1 May to 15 July 2021. Demographics included children’s age, gender, grade, parents’ education level, and household income. Movement behaviors were measured by validated self-reported scales. Weight status and body composition (percent of body fat, PBF; fat-free mass, FFM; skeletal muscle mass, SMM) were measured objectively. Results indicated that participants who were younger, boys, and at lower grade showed higher guidelines adherence. PA was inversely associated with PBF, while screen time (ST) was positively associated with overweight/obesity risk and FFM. Sleep showed no association with any health indicators. Meeting the behavioral guidelines was associated with better weight status and lower PBF, yet not with FFM and SMM. Interventions to improve the Children’s weight status and PBF should involve enhancing their overall movement behaviors and considering their demographic differences. More research on examining the association of movement guidelines adherence with body composition indicators is needed.

Face masks are critical in preventing the spread of respiratory infections including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Different types of masks have distinct filtration efficiencies (FEs) with differential costs and supplies. Here we reported the impact of breathing volume and wearing time on the inward and outward FEs of four different mask types (N95, surgical, single-use, and cloth masks) against various sizes of aerosols. Specifically 1) Mask type was an important factor affecting the FEs. The FEs of N95 and surgical mask were better than those of single-use mask and cloth mask; 2) As particle size decreased, the FEs tended to reduce. The trend was significantly observed in FEs of aerosols with particle size < ; 3) After wearing N95 and surgical masks for 0, 2, 4, and 8 h, their FEs (%) maintained from 95.75 ± 0.09 to 100 ± 0 range. While a significant decrease in FEs were noticed for single-use masks worn for 8 h and cloth masks worn >2 h under deep breathing (30 L/min); 4) Both inward and outward FEs of N95 and surgical masks were similar, while the outward FEs of single-use and cloth masks were higher than their inward FEs; 5) The FEs under deep breathing was significantly lower than normal breathing with aerosol particle size ¡1 m. In conclusion, our results revealed that masks have a critical role in preventing the spread of aerosol particles by filtering inhalation, and FEs significantly decreased with the increasing of respiratory volume and wearing time. Deep breathing may cause increasing humidity and hence decrease FEs by increasing the airflow pressure. With the increase of wearing time, the adsorption capacity of the filter material tends to be saturated, which may reduce FEs Findings may be used to provide information for policies regarding the proper use of masks for general public in current and future pandemics.

Background Fundamental motor skills (FMSs) are crucial for children’s health and comprehensive development. Obese children often encounter a considerable challenge in the development of FMSs. School-family blended PA programs are considered a potentially effective approach to improve FMSs and health-related outcomes among obese children, however, empirical evidence is still limited. Therefore, this paper aims to describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a 24-week school-family blended multi-component PA intervention program for promoting FMSs and health among Chinese obese children, namely the Fundamental Motor Skills Promotion Program for Obese Children (FMSPPOC) employing behavioral change techniques (BCTs) and building on the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework as well as using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework for improving and evaluating the program. Methods Using a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT), 168 Chinese obese children (8–12 years) from 24 classes of six primary schools will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups by a cluster randomization, including a 24-week FMSPPOC intervention group and a non-treatment waiting-list control group. The FMSPPOC program includes a 12-week initiation phase and a 12-week maintenance phase. School-based PA training sessions (2 sessions/week, 90 min each session) and family-based PA assignments (at least three times per week, 30 min each time) will be implemented in the initiation phase (semester time), while three 60-min offline workshops and three 60-min online webinars will be conducted in the maintenance phase (summer holiday). The implementation evaluation will be undertaken according to the RE-AIM framework. For intervention effectiveness evaluation, primary outcome (FMSs: gross motor skills, manual dexterity and balance) and secondary outcomes (health behaviors, physical fitness, perceived motor competence, perceived well-being, M-PAC components, anthropometric and body composition measures) will be collected at four time-points: at baseline, 12-week mid-intervention, 24-week post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up occasions. Discussion The FMSPPOC program will provide new insights into the design, implementation, and evaluation of FMSs promotion among obese children. The research findings will also supplement empirical evidence, understanding of potential mechanisms, and practical experience for future research, health services, and policymaking. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; ChiCTR2200066143; 25 Nov 2022.

BACKGROUND 24-hour movement behaviors: physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep, are crucial components affecting older adults’ health. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for older adults were launched in 2020, emphasizing the combination role of these three movement behaviors in promoting older adults’ health. However, research on the prevalence and correlates of guideline adherence and its associations with health outcomes is limited, especially among Chinese older adults. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of meeting 24-hour movement among Chinese older adults. Furthermore, this study aimed to examine the associations of guideline adherence with older adults’ physical and mental health outcomes. METHODS Using a stratified cluster random sampling approach, a total of 4,562 older adults (67.68±5.03 years; 55.8% female) were recruited from the latest provincial health surveillance of Hubei China from 25-Jul to 19-Nov 2020. Measures included demographics, movement behaviors (PA, SB and sleep), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), percentage body fat (PBF), systolic and diastolic pressure, physical fitness, depression, and loneliness. Generalized linear mixed models were employed to examine the associations between variables using SPSS 28.0. RESULTS Only 1.8% of participants met all three movement guidelines, while 32.1%, 3.4% and 66.4% met the individual behavioral guideline for PA, SB and sleep, respectively. Participants, who were older, female and lived in the municipalities with lower economic levels, were less likely to meet all three movement guidelines. Meeting more movement guidelines was associated with greater physical and mental health outcomes among older adults, except systolic and diastolic pressures. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate the adherence of 24-hour movement guidelines among Chinese older adults regarding the prevalence, correlates, and associations with physical and mental health outcomes. The findings emphasize the urgent need of promoting healthy movement behaviors among Chinese older adults. Future interventions to improve the older adults’ physical and mental health should involve enhancing their overall movement behaviors and considering the demographic differences.