Background As core units of organ tissues, cells of various types play their harmonious rhythms to maintain the homeostasis of the human body. It is essential to identify the characteristics of cells in human organs and their regulatory networks for understanding the biological mechanisms related to health and disease. However, a systematic and comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profile across multiple organs of a normal human adult is missing. Results We perform single-cell transcriptomes of 84,363 cells derived from 15 tissue organs of one adult donor and generate an adult human cell atlas. The adult human cell atlas depicts 252 subtypes of cells, including major cell types such as T, B, myeloid, epithelial, and stromal cells, as well as novel COCH+ fibroblasts and FibSmo cells, each of which is distinguished by multiple marker genes and transcriptional profiles. These collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of major human organs. Moreover, T cell and B cell receptor repertoire comparisons and trajectory analyses reveal direct clonal sharing of T and B cells with various developmental states among different tissues. Furthermore, novel cell markers, transcription factors, and ligand-receptor pairs are identified with potential functional regulations in maintaining the homeostasis of human cells among tissues. Conclusions The adult human cell atlas reveals the inter- and intra-organ heterogeneity of cell characteristics and provides a useful resource in uncovering key events during the development of human diseases in the context of the heterogeneity of cells and organs.

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Analysis of water-use efficiency of plants in the Mu-Us desert, Inner Mongolia, China using carbon isotope discrimination Abstract :lb investigate the water use characteristics of four plants (Salix matsudana, Artemisia ordosica, Caragana korshinskii, Sabina vulgaris) lived in the Mu-Us desert, Inner Mongolia, China, intrinsic water-use efficiency was estimated using stable carbon isotope discrimination. The gas exchange rate was also measured, to estimate parameters of water loss and carbon gain. S matsudana, Artemisia ordosica and Caragana korshinskii had similar intrinsic water-use efficiency. As S matsudana had high water loss, high carbon gain when groundwater level was low, continued revegetation using S matsudana should be accompanied with adequate estimate of the amount of available water and density control. S vulgaris had high intrinsic water-use efficiency, low water loss.