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Allergic disorders appear to increase the risk of ADHD in pediatric patients. Our detailed analysis shows that the main contributing factor is AR. Co-morbidity with AD, BA, and BA+AD in AR patients further increases the risk of ADHD.

Asthma is the most common chronic lower respiratory tract disease in childhood throughout the world. Despite advances in asthma management, acute exacerbations continue to be a major problem in patients and they result in a considerable burden on direct/indirect health care providers. A severe exacerbation occurring within 1 year is an independent risk factor. Respiratory tract viruses have emerged as the most frequent triggers of exacerbations in children. It is becoming increasingly clear that interactions may exist between viruses and other triggers, increasing the likelihood of an exacerbation. In this study, we provide an overview of current knowledge about asthma exacerbations, including its definition, impact on health care providers, and associated factors. Prevention management in intermittent asthma as well as intermittent wheeze in pre-school children and those with persistent asthma are discussed. Our review findings support the importance of controlling persistent asthma, as indicated in current guidelines. In addition, we found that early episodic intervention appeared to be crucial in preventing severe attacks and future exacerbations. Besides the use of medication, timely education after an exacerbation along with a comprehensive plan in follow up is also vitally important.

Background: Many studies have reported the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in children. However, the underlying relationship between PTSD and depression remains unclear.Objective: This study examines the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms in children who survived the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Methods: In total, 301 children were assessed at four months and then followed up at 29, 40 and 52 months after the disaster. The ages of the children ranged from 9.6–14.6 years old, and the sample included 157 males and 144 females. The children were assessed by using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD reaction index for DSM-IV for PTSD symptoms and the Children’s Depression Inventory for depressive symptoms.Results: Comorbid PTSD and depressive symptoms were prevalent in 4.0, 3.3, 3.7 and 5.1% of the participants at times 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The cross-lagged analysis indicated that PTSD symptoms at time 1 predicted depressive symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 2 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 3; and depressive symptoms at time 3 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 4. The findings also showed that being female, poor parental relationships and trauma exposure were risk factors for PTSD or depressive symptoms.Conclusions: The results suggest that the causal relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms changes over time; the effects of PTSD symptoms tend to decrease, while those of depressive symptoms tend to increase. Two stages of the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms were observed, namely, that PTSD and depressive symptoms first influenced each other and then that depressive symptoms predicted PTSD. The results of our study also suggest that females with poor parental relationships and a high degree of trauma exposure are more likely to require intervention.

Background: Due to the one-child policy implemented in China, most families have only one child. When parents experience the death of their only child, these parents receive the label 'Shidu parents'. Shidu is a major public health issue in China. However, the patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms that are present in this population remain unclear. Objective: This study aims to identify profiles of PTSD and depressive symptoms among Shidu parents and to explore the predictors of profile membership. Methods: A total of 363 participants (M age = 61.5 years, SD = 7.5) were asked to complete questionnaires assessing PTSD, depressive symptoms, perceived social support, and demographic information. Latent profile analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were used. Results: Three distinct profiles were identified: low (39.4%), moderate (32.8%), and high symptoms (27.8%). Parents who were younger and perceived lower levels of support from family and significant others were more likely to experience higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: These results indicate that the severity of PTSD and depressive symptoms tightly cohere, providing evidence for the co-occurrence of PTSD and depressive symptoms after bereavement. The findings provide valuable information for the development of tailored professional interventions for bereaved parents. Un análisis de perfil del trastorno de estrés postraumático y de los sίntomas de depresiόn entre los padres shidu chinos Antecedentes: Debido a la política de un hijo implementada en China, la mayoría de las familias tienen sólo un hijo. Cuando los padres experimentan la muerte de su único hijo, estos padres reciben la etiqueta de 'padres shidu'. Shidu es un gran problema de salud pública en China. Sin embargo, los patrones del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y de los síntomas de depresión que se presentan en esta población no están claros. Objetivo: Este estudio busca identificar los perfiles del TEPT y de los síntomas depresivos entre los padres shidu y explorar los predictores de la pertenencia al perfil. Método: Se le solicitó a un total de 363 participantes (M edad = 61.5 años, DE = 7.5) que completaran cuestionarios para evaluar TEPT, síntomas depresivos, apoyo social, e información demográfica. Se usaron análisis de perfil latente y regresiones logísticas multivariadas. Resultados: Tres perfiles distintivos fueron identificados: síntomas bajos (39.4%), moderados (32.8%), y altos (27.8%). Los padres que eran más jóvenes y que reportaron niveles más bajos de apoyo desde la familia y otros tenían más probabilidades de experimentar altos niveles de TEPT y síntomas depresivos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que la severidad del TEPT y los síntomas depresivos coinciden estrechamente, proporcionando evidencia para la co-occurrencia del TEPT y los síntomas depresivos luego de la pérdida. Los hallazgos proveen información valiosa para el desarrollo de intervenciones profesionales a la medida para los padres en due...

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AimThis study aimed to test the relationship between length of residence and mental health in a school-based sample of migrant children who studied in migrant schools.MethodsA total of 7,296 rural-to-urban migrant children were recruited from 58 schools in Beijing and assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Children’s Depression Inventory.ResultsA quadratic relationship was found between mental health and length of residence. The results suggested that the scores for anxiety and depression were high during the initial resettlement after migrating and then decreased. However, after approximately 8 years, the scores increased. Our findings also showed a significant moderating effect of family socioeconomic status on the relation between mental health and length of residence.ConclusionThis study provided empirical evidence for a better understanding of psychosocial factors on the mental health of migrant children during the process of urbanization in China.

Background:Growing evidence has revealed a link between autoimmune and allergic diseases. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between allergic diseases and primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), an autoimmune disease frequently occurring in children. This population-based case-control study investigated the association between common allergic diseases and the subsequent risk of developing ITP during childhood. Methods: This study investigated 1,203 children younger than 18 y of age who were diagnosed with ITP between 1998 and 2008, as well as 4,812 frequency-matched controls. The odds ratios of the association between ITP and preexisting allergic diseases were calculated. results: Children with every type of allergic disease examined in this study (except asthma) exhibited an increased risk of developing ITP; the lowest adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.39 for allergic conjunctivitis (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.79), whereas the greatest aOR was 1.84 for allergic rhinitis (95% CI = 1.49-2.27). The aORs increased with the number of concurrent allergic diseases to 2.89 (95% CI = 1.98-4.22) for children with at least three allergic diseases. conclusion: Children with atopic diathesis have a greater risk of subsequently developing ITP. The fundamental determinants of this relationship warrant further study.