Herein, we developed a nanocomposite membrane with synergistic photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy antibacterial effects, triggered by a single near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. First, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with a hierarchical structure (UCNPs@TiO2) were synthesized, which use NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanorods as the core and TiO2 nanoparticles as the outer shell. Then, nanosized graphene oxide (GO), as a photothermal agent, was doped into UCNPs@TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles to obtain UCNPs@TiO2@GO. Afterward, the mixture of UCNPs@TiO2@GO in poly­(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) was applied for electrospinning to generate the nanocomposite membrane (UTG-PVDF). Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes of temperature triggered by NIR action were both investigated to evaluate the photodynamic and photothermal properties. Upon a single NIR light (980 nm) irradiation for 5 min, the nanocomposite membrane could simultaneously generate ROS and moderate temperature rise, triggering synergistic antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, which are hard to be achieved by an individual photodynamic or photothermal nanocomposite membrane. Additionally, the as-prepared membrane can effectively restrain the inflammatory reaction and accelerate wound healing, thus exhibiting great potentials in treating infectious complications in wound healing progress.

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Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) uses phase change materials (PCMs) to store and release heat, and can effectively address the mismatch between energy supply and demand. However, it suffers from low thermal conductivity and the leakage problem. One of the solutions is integrating porous supports and PCMs to fabricate shape-stabilized phase change materials (ss-PCMs). The phase change heat transfer in porous ss-PCMs is of fundamental importance for determining thermalfluidic behaviours and evaluating LHTES system performance. This paper reviews the Highlights: 1. The recent advances in experimental and numerical investigations on phase change heat transfer in porous ss-PCMs are reviewed. 2. Paraffin and metal foams are the mostly used PCM and porous support respectively in the experimental studies. 3. Compared to REV-scale simulation, the pore-scale simulation can provide extra flow and heat transfer characteristics in pores. 4. There exists a research gap between phase change heat transfer and material preparation.

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