Vascular dementia (VaD) is a major factor for the progress of stroke and other memory disorders. It is the second leading cause of death. The burden of VaD is higher in the aged population (>65 years). The progression of VaD occurs with lifestyle modifications i.e., fast food, smoking, and alcohol. The medicines for the treatment of VaD are limited. The palm oil is one of the rich sources of beta-carotene (BC). The present research designed to investigate the potential role of palm oil mill effluent derived BC in experimental model of diabetic VaD. The diabetic VaD was induced by administration of nicotinamide (NA, 50 mg/kg; i.p.) followed by streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg; i.p.). The test compound i.e., BC (50 and 100 mg/kg) and reference compound donepezil (1 mg/kg) were administered orally for 15 consecutive days. The changes of cognitive patterns i.e., escape latency time (ELT) and time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Besides the changes of neurotransmitter i.e., acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was estimated in brain (hippocampus, cerebellum, entorhinal cortex, amygdala and septum) samples. The administration of STZ caused the significant changes of cognitive functions (increased ELT and decreased TSTQ) as indicated in the development of VaD when compared to normal group. The treatment of BC was ameliorated the cognitive dysfunctions against the STZ associated cholinergic neurotransmitter (elevated AChE) changes. The effects were similar to donepezil treatment group. Hence, it proved that BC possesses the potential therapeutic effects in the management of diabetic VaD due to its potential anti-cholinergic effects.

COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by a newer strain of coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. The major problem of COVID-19 infections is the ARDS followed by respiratory failure, organ failure, and even death with multiple organ dysfunction including cardiovascular collapse. Moreover, it affects the old age population linked with co-morbid conditions. The deficiency of diet, micronutrients, and vitamins also plays a key role in diminishing the immune power and higher rate of viral infectivity. The possible reasons and management methods are discussed in this review. The management methods enhance the host immune system via multi-functional and multi-targeted actions. The global rate of COVID-19 outbreak makes the greater attention towards the development of newer medicines. The drug discovery process is based on the exposure of viral proteins, genome sequence, replication mechanisms, pathophysiological mechanisms, and host cell components (as a target) reactions. This article highlights the overview of coronavirus components, the replications process, and possible targets for the management of coronavirus infections. It may lead to the rapid development of newer medicines for the treatment of coronavirus infections.