'Flipping or Flapping?' Investigating Engineering students' experience in flipped classrooms Purpose: This study has explored the flipped classroom model in a private university in Malaysia. It presents a flipped classroom intervention for engineering education innovation. Design / Approach: The research (1) revisited prominent educational theories for a flipping or flapping pedagogy, (2) implemented and explored the flipped classroom experiences in one engineering subject; using the action inquiry method with thematic analysis and (3) reflectively evaluated both students' and educators' 'flipping or flapping experience'. Findings: The responses of the research participants are analysed and used to develop the Flipping or Flapping Classroom Principles and an Ideal Flipped Classroom Model. From passive lectures to active learning with collaborative discourse and reflective communication, flipping the classroom can offer a seamless learning experience. Research Limitations / Implications: The Flipped Classroom Model can provide good reference for other educational researchers who intended to conduct flipped classroom. However, the small sample size with qualitative method and thematic analysis employed led to considerable theoretical development, but it may not achieve the validity standards to generalise the findings. Further empirical investigation with systematic controlled group is recommended for future work across disciplines for extrapolation.
There are both psychomotor and cognitive skills that need to be developed in engineering education. E-learning such as computer-aided design (CAD) and virtual simulation can enhance the learning experience; however, the development for the psychomotor skills is limited. Grounded on the educational theory by Dewey, "learning by doing," the paper presents the revamp of the engineering curriculum development with blended learning. Such redesigning of the engineering design subject used the blend of online tutorials, CAD with face-to-face workshop activities, fi eld trips, and laboratory and in-class activities using modeling compounds to replace most of traditional classroom lectures and tutorials. The methods and implications of the redesign of curriculum are reported. As a result, students' learning experiences were enhanced with the evidence in the subject evaluation report.
Reducing non-revenue water (NRW) within a water distribution network may lead to significant water savings. Most existing literature tend to focus on the design and implementation aspects of NRW loss through better management of leaks, reservoir overflow, and water theft. In contrast, this paper examines the association between the various water pipe types and their respective impact on NRW loss in an emerging country. Malaysia is currently listed under emerging and developing economies category in the International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database (October 2020). A correlation analysis is carried out using historical data obtained from the Malaysian water authority, covering fiscal years 2013 to 2017 (inclusive of both years). Further analysis is carried out by measuring the number of cases reported for two selected states in relation to the type of pipe materials used. Results show that there is a significant correlation between mild steel and polyethylene pipes to NRW loss. This study provides a better understanding of how water pipe types affect NRW loss, which is pertinent to developing best practices in the marketplace to manage NRW loss and protect water resources.
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