The effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment on reducing lignin content in coffee pulp waste (CPW) was investigated to increase the digestibility and accessibility of cellulose during production of valuable products by enzymatic and biological process. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at various concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w of substrate)) was mixed into 10% (w/v) of CPW-NaOH solution at 35 °C for 24 h with pH 11.5. The concentration of lignocellulosic content was investigated. The characteristic of crystallinity index, functional groups, and surface morphology of CPW at before and after the treatment have been observed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis, respectively. The results showed that the highest lignin removal was achieved at the addition of 7.5% H2O2 which decreased from 16.85% to 8.5%. The concentration of cellulose and hemicellulose in CPW increased from 53% to 64% and 11% to 24%, respectively. The crystallinity index of AHP-treated CPW has increased from 30.83% to 42.08%. A surface morphological destruction on the CPW was getting worse as along with the increase of H2O2 concentration. This would be useful to increase the porosity of biomass to give cellulose accessibility by enzyme for further processes.
This study aimed to assess the differences of characteristics between the new ferronickel slag generated from the production of nickel and the slag which had been used as a material reclamation. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leaching. Then, the tests of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) are also conducted on the ferronickel slag samples. The results of TCLP test show that the new ferronickel slag samples contain Fe (158, 6775 ppm), Cr (0.64465 ppm), and Pb (0.0219 ppm), and that the ferronickel slag has been used as a reclamation material containing Fe (3.94 ppm) and Cr (2.91 ppm). The result of EDX test shows that the slag sample from the reclamation area contains higher Ni concentration than the new slag sample. Slag that has been used for reclamation contains high SiO2 and Mg2(SiO6). The XRD analysis result shows that the highest elements in the slag are Si and Mg with 18.94% and 15.83% respectively. The dominant mineral in the slag is forsterite (Mg 1.784 FeSiO4 0216) by 41% and the rest is magnesium silicate (Mg2(Si2O6)).
Renewable energy sources are prospective solutions for addressing future energy needs arising from the ever-increasing population and dwindling petroleum reserves. Biobutanol is one of the most efficient biofuels for use as a mixture with motor vehicle fuels. Biobutanol is produced from the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process and is separated into the pure components via multicomponent distillation. Mathematical modelling of the continuous multicomponent distillation of ABE was carried herein out using an equilibrium-based model with the modified Hang-Wanke method in MATLAB R2020a programming language and compared with the simulation results using Aspen Plus V9. The variables of this study were the feed stage, number of trays, reflux ratio to butanol purity, butanol recovery, and energy load of the reboiler and condenser. Based on the simulation results, the operating conditions in columns 1 and 2 were recommended based on the butanol purity, recovery, and reboiler load; the recommended operating conditions for column 1 are as follows—feed stage: 4, reflux ratio: 4, number of trays: 20 trays, with a column efficiency of 55.43%. The recommended operating conditions for column 2 are as follows—feed stage: 2, reflux ratio: 0.4, number of trays: up to 10, with a column efficiency of 54.94%.
Indonesia telah lama menjadi negara yang memiliki potensi besar dalam industri halal. Namun, masyarakat Indonesia belum memahami akan pentingnya label sertifikat halal pada produk yang mereka gunakan. Kecamatan Tanjonganom, Kabupaten Nganjuk merupakan salah satu kecamatan yang memiliki jumlah UMKM yang banyak dan telah memberikan kontribusi dalam peningkatan pendapatan daerah. Berkembangnya UMKM di Kecamatan Tanjonganom tersebut terkendala dengan produk yang belum mempunyai label sertifikasi halal dari LPPOM MUI Jawa Timur. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan para pelaku UMKM terhadap prosedur pengurusan sertifikasi halal produk. Di satu sisi, kesadaran masyarakat akan mengkonsumsi produk yang berlabel halal semakin meningkat. Prosedur pengurusan sertifikasi halal memerlukan berbagai macam dokumen, salah satunya adalah Nomor Induk Berusaha (NIB). Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dimulai dari analisa kondisi masyarakat mitra dengan bekerjasama Dinas Perindustrian Kabupaten Nganjuk. Setelah itu merancang kerangka kerja dan pelaksanaan program, dengan mengikuti pelatihan kader penggerak halal dan pengurusan NIB, serta memetakan produk unggulan Tanjonganom yang telah bersertifikat halal. Hasil Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini adalah para UMKM yang mengikuti pelatihan pengurusan NIB telah mendapatkan terbitan NIB. Dalam kerjasama jangka Panjang, tim abdimas akan membantu untuk mendaftarkan produk-produk unggulan Tanjonganom dalam Sertifikat Halal.
Biofuel, that is, n-butanol, production from plant-based biomass represents a renewable energy resource that can be a substitute for fossil fuel. Thus, it is important to study the separation of n-butanol from its aqueous solution to obtain a high-purity product. Liquid–liquid extraction is a beneficial process in alcohol production to recover alcohol from the aqueous medium. Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data are needed for rational design and optimal separation operation, such as biological separation and extraction processes. The objective of this study is to determine LLE data for quaternary systems of n-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), water, and a biological buffer at 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure (P = 0.1 MPa). The effect of biological buffer addition into aqueous solution was also studied. Three different biological buffers, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine propanesulfonic acid (EPPS), 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), were applied in this study for the comparison. The separation factor and distribution coefficient were evaluated in this study to interpret the extraction performance of n-butanol. According to the experimental results, the extraction performance was in the order of HEPES > EPPS > MOPS, describing the strength of buffering-out as well. Furthermore, it was found that the aid of a biological buffer in the LLE systems consisting of n-butanol, MIBK, and water resulted in better extraction performance than that of the LLE systems in the absence of a biological buffer. The reliability of the experimental LLE tie-line data was satisfactorily ascertained by the Hand correlation. The non-random two-liquid and universal quasi-chemical thermodynamics models correlated well the experimental LLE tie-line data with the root mean square deviation of less than 1%. The binary interaction parameters of both models were also obtained in this study.
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