A b s t r a c tRecently, several studies have focused on comorbity psychiatric disorders with alcohol and other substance dependence. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs proposed the Brazilian Guidelines project. This study review diagnostic and therapeutic criteria to the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials, epidemiological, animal studies and other forms of research are reviewed. The main psychiatric comorbidities are studied based on guidelines adopted by other countries and the literature data resumed. Epidemiological aspects, diagnoses, integrated treatment and service organization, as well as specific psychotherapic and pharmacological treatment are discussed. The Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs Guidelines reassures the importance of adequate diagnoses and treatment regarding alcoholic and drug dependent patients suffering of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Alcohol related disorders often coexist with other psychiatric disorders and its incidence is increasing in last decades. Studies show that patients with comorbidity, specially those with severe psychiatric disorders, have higher rates of suicide, relapse, money spent in treatment, homeless and they use more medical service. Their evaluation must be meticulous because the differential diagnosis become complicated without a long period of alcohol withdrawal. These patients have a worse prognostic and their treatment is more difficult. Most of studies in this area have indicated that the integration of psychosocial and pharmacological techniques is more effective. The long term treatment must focus in the reduction of symptoms, improvement of social and familiar functioning, coping skills and relapse prevention.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o padrão de uso de medicamentos, polifarmácia e uso impróprio de medicações entre indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais atendidos no serviço ambulatorial de saúde mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Cento e oitenta e quatro pacientes atendidos de forma consecutiva foram avaliados sistematicamente quanto à dosagem e tempo de utilização de medicamentos na semana que antecedeu a consulta médica. A presença de sintomas físicos e psicológicos foi avaliada com a escala Saftee-Up simplificada. O uso impróprio de medicamentos foi avaliado através dos critérios de Stuck modificado. RESULTADOS: O número médio de medicações consumidas por paciente foi de 2,46 - 41,3% dos entrevistados utilizavam três ou mais medicamentos e 10,9% utilizavam cinco ou mais medicações por dia. Antidepressivos (42,4%), drogas anti-hipertensivas (32,6%) e benzodiazepínicos (21,2%) eram as medicações mais freqüentemente utilizadas. Pacientes utilizando três ou mais medicações apresentavam escores mais elevados na escala Saftee-Up (p=0,007). Análise de regressão logística indicou que os escores da Saftee-Up eram influenciados de forma significativa pelo número de diagnósticos clínicos (OR=1,85, p=0,030), mas não pela idade (OR=0,99, p=0,732), sexo (OR=0,67, p=0,317), número de diagnósticos psiquiátricos (OR=0,77, p=0,533) ou de medicações (OR=1,18, p=0,258). Trinta e quatro idosos (18,5%) vinham utilizando pelo menos uma medicação considerada imprópria. CONCLUSÕES: É importante que os psiquiatras estejam cientes das diretrizes internacionais para prescrição de drogas e participem ativamente para reduzir os riscos associados à polifarmácia e uso impróprio de medicamentos em idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of cigarette smoking in individuals with severe mental illnesses in a large urban centre of a middle income country. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in São Paulo. The sample (N=192) comprised individuals diagnosed with severe mental illnesses who had contact with public psychiatric care services from September to November 1997 and were aged between 18 and 65 years. Prevalence of daily tobacco smoking in the 12 months previous to the interview and characteristics associated were studied. RESULTS: Out of 192 subjects with severe mental illnesses interviewed, 115 (59.9%; 95% CI: 52.6%; 66.9%) reported smoking cigarettes on a daily basis. Male gender, marital status separated or widowed, irregular use of neuroleptic drugs and history of ten or more psychiatric admissions were independently associated with cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the present sample was higher than that found in the general Brazilian population. Mental care services should implement non-smoking policies and mental health providers need to help patients with severe mental illness who want to quit smoking.

Prevalence of substance misuse was lower than that found in developed countries. The lack of social policies for those suffering from severe mental illnesses, with consequent dependence on family support must play a major role. Cultural factors also seem to contribute to the prevalence of substance misuse.