This study aimed to assess the variation over time in thermal comfort indices and the behavior of physiological parameters related to thermolysis, blood parameters, and semen in natura of buffalo bulls reared in tropical climate. The study was carried out in an artificial insemination station under a humid tropical climate (Afi according to Köppen). Ten water buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) were used during the 5 months (April to August) of study. The environmental Temperature Humidity Index (THId) and the pen microclimate Temperature Humidity Index (THIp) were calculated. Every 25 days, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), and Benezra's thermal comfort index (BTCI) were assessed in the morning and in the afternoon. A blood assay was performed every month, while semen was collected weekly. THIp did not vary over the months (P > 0.05) and was higher in the afternoon than in the morning (77.7 ± 2.6 versus 81.8 ± 2.1, P < 0.05). RR, HR, and BTCI significantly increased over the months and were different between the periods of the day (P > 0.05) but within the physiological limits. RT varied between the periods of the day and decreased over the months, being the lowest in August (37.8 ± 0.7 °C), time-impacted hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin levels, and spermatic gross motility and vigor (P < 0.05). Thus, buffalo bulls reared under a humid tropical climate may have variations in thermal comfort during the hotter periods but are able to efficiently activate thermoregulatory mechanisms and maintain homeothermy, hence preserving their physiological and seminal parameters at normal levels.
Objetivou-se utilizar a termografia infravermelho para avaliar respostas fisiológicas em equinos submetidos a esforço físico intenso. O estudo foi conduzido em Santarém, Pará, utilizando-se 4 (quatro) equinos adultos. Foi realizado o imageamento da região da cabeça e da garupa com termógrafo infravermelho antes e após o treino, o monitoramento da frequência cardíaca (FC; bat min-1) e frequência respiratória (FR; mov min-1); e, calculou-se o Índice de Conforto (IC) e o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU). Foram analisados dados médios, extremos e amplitude térmica, avaliando-se a correlação com as variáveis fisiológicas. Na temperatura de superfície da cabeça e garupa antes e após o treino não houve diferença (P>0,05), entretanto foi observada (P<0,01) na amplitude térmica na região da cabeça no padrão branco, sendo superior após o treino e na garupa nos padrões branco e amarelo, indicando que essa variável foi sensível para detectar diferenças térmicas após o treino. A FR e a FC apresentaram-se elevadas após o treino (P<0,05). A amplitude térmica responde a frequência respiratória de equinos e pode ser descrita por um modelo polinomial com 70% de confiança, indicando que os animais com amplitude térmica superior a 1,2°C já se encontram ofegantes. A termografia infravermelho é recomendada para detectar níveis de estresse térmico em equinos submetidos a esforços intensos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Amplitude térmica, Equinos, Termografia infravermelho.
This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.
O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a avaliação termográfica das glândulas mamárias e globo ocular de fêmeas bovinas leiteiras em uma propriedade rural no município de Mojuí dos Campos, no Oeste do Pará. Foram utilizadas oito (n=8) fêmeas leiteiras pluríparas da raça Girolando, mantidas em sistema semi-intensivo, com idade e peso médio de 7 anos e 450 kg, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais, Lactantes (LACT, n=4) e Não-Lactantes (N-LACT, n=4). Foi utilizada uma câmera termográfica infravermelho para a obtenção da temperatura superficial das glândulas mamárias (região do terço superior, médio e final) e do globo ocular (região medial). Utilizou-se o programa Past versão 2.16, obtendo-se média e desvio padrão e análise de variância com o teste de Anova One-Waye Tukey (5%). Ao comparar os grupos LACT e N-LACT não foi detectada diferença significativa entre os mesmos (P≥0,05). Foram observadas nas glândulas mamárias temperatura média superficial no grupo LACT e N-LACT de 40,2ºC±0,8 e 39,6ºC±0,9, 38,9ºC±0,6 e 38,0ºC±0,7, e 37,5ºC±0,6 e 36,8ºC±0,7 na região do terço superior, médio e final, respectivamente. As fêmeas do grupo LACT apresentaram temperatura média do globo ocular de 37,3ºC±0,8 e as N-LACT de 36,3ºC±0,8. Foi constatada maior amplitude térmica no terço médio das glândulas mamárias e maior temperatura na região do globo ocular das fêmeas lactantes. Assim, a termografia infravermelho foi capaz de determinar que as fêmeas avaliadas estavam em condições adequadas de conforto térmico ambiental e as modificações fisiológicas decorrentes da lactação não foram capazes de ocasionar elevação da temperatura superficial.
This study aims to was a clinical case report relating the use of infrared thermography (IR) associated to the ozone therapy as complementary tools to diagnose and treat a non-infectious inflammatory process in the locomotor system of an athlete-horse of the Amazon. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT) were measured both rest and after walking. Radiographic evaluation, complete hemogram and creatine phosphokinase dosage (CPK) were primarily conducted. The IR examination was additionally undertaken, and the thermograms were analyzed using Flir Tools. Ozone therapy was performed via intramuscular in the scapular area. All comparisons were done using ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). The animal presented HR, RR, and RT all within normal ranges. When the animal was made to walk it demonstrated pain, and HR (48 beats.min-1) and RR (60 breaths.min-1). The creatine phosphokinase dosage was 79 UL-1 and the IR showed that the thoracic region had a surface temperature of up to 39.1ºC, indicating of an inflammatory process. After the ozone therapy was a reduction in the white color pattern from 39.1ºC to 37.2ºC. The infrared thermography is an efficient technique that can be used for the diagnosis of inflammation, and ozone therapy is an innovative treatment.
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